Motor Learning

Question 1

Define

motor learning

Answer 1

process of acquiring a skill

Question 2

learning results from:

Answer 2

experience or practice

Question 3

Define

Learning

Answer 3

permanent change in behavior produced

Question 4

Retention test

Answer 4

reassesmment of motor skill after time has passed

Question 5

Transfer of learning

Answer 5

testing the ability of an individual to perform a skill in a variety of environments

environmental change

Question 6

Generalizability

Answer 6

the skill can be done or transfered from one task to another, but tasks are similar

• similar task

* transfer from WC to toilet or WC to bed

Question 7

Define

Recovery of function

Answer 7

re-acquisition of motor skills lost through injury

Question 8

Motor Control

Answer 8

• study of posture (stability of body in space)
• movement (moving body in space)
• mechanisms that regulate/direct movement

Question 9

motor development

Answer 9

changes in motor behavior across lifespan

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

concept, rules, or relationships stored in memory based on experience

Question 11

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

Answer 11

allows storage into short term memory for factors such as:
* initial conditions
* relationship between movement elements
* movement outcomes
* sensory consqeuqences of movement

Question 12

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

Recall schema

Answer 12

used for response selection

motor schema

Question 13

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

Recognition schema

Answer 13

used to evaluate response

sensory schema

Question 14

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

How does improvement/success occur?

Answer 14

• error signal is fed back into schema for modification
• practice of task varation facilitates development of rules for a task

Question 15

Schmidt’s Schema Theory, Clinical Implications

Optimal learning occurs when:

Answer 15

a task is practiced under many different conditions

Question 16

Schmidt’s Schema Theory, Clinical Implications

How is accurate novel movement possible

Answer 16

B/c schema gives prediction rules

Question 17

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

More support for which population?

Answer 17

children

Question 18

Fitts & Posner

3 Stages of Motor Learning

Answer 18

• Cognitive
• Associative
• Autonomous

Question 19

3 Stages of Motor Learning

Early cognitive stage

Answer 19

• self problem solving
• trial & errors
• high degree of attention on single task
• heavy reliance on visual inputs
• frequent verbal & non verbal communication
• variable performance w/ large improvements

think of sit to stand

Question 20

3 Stages of Motor Learning

What type of practice is appropriate for early cognitive stage?

Answer 20

block practice

Question 21

3 Stages of Motor Learning

Intermediate-Associate stage

Answer 21

• rely on proprioreceptive input (DCML, GTO, etc)
• develop a sense of correctness to compare skill performance, especially when making errors

Question 22

3 Stages of Motor Learning

Role of therapist during Intermediate-Associate stage

Answer 22

• introduce different enviornments
• decrease manual guidance
• verbal feedback is not as important
• gradual dual task
• prepare for exercise program

Question 23

3 Stages of Motor Learning

Late Automatic/Autonomous Stage

Answer 23

• Skill is more automatic
• Low degree of attention required
• Environment has no impairment
• Attention can be devoted to other things

Question 24

3 Stages of Motor Learning

Role of therapist

Late Automatic/Autonomous Stage

Answer 24

• engage in complex, progressive exercise
• provide minimum feedback
• assistance if needed
• increase dual task

Question 25

# 3 Stages of Motor Learning Limitations of Late Automatic/Autonomous Stage

Answer 25

Limited research on autonomous stage of learning Much of motor learning research has been on simple tasks

Question 26

Motor Learning Principles

Answer 26

Practice Feedback Task Specificity Guidance Motivation

Question 27

# Motor learning principles Practice

Answer 27

amount of practice repetition

Question 28

# Motor learning principles: practice Massed Practice

Answer 28

when amount of practice is greater than rest

Question 29

# Motor learning principles: practice Distributed Practice

Answer 29

rest is equal or greater than practice

Question 30

# Motor learning principles: practice Variable practice

Answer 30

practicing the task under varying conditions | good for motor learning

Question 31

# Motor learning principles: practice Constant practice

Answer 31

Practice performed in same conditions | good for motor performance

Question 32

# Motor learning principles: practice Blocked practice

Answer 32

Performing task A, then B, then C w/ repetitions for each task; practicing one skill repeatedly before moving on to another | best for motor performance

Question 33

# Motor learning principles: practice Random practice

Answer 33

Performing tasks in random order without repetition | better for motor learning

Question 34

# Motor learning principles: practice Random/blocked

Answer 34

performing tasks for one repetition within a cycle | most superior for motor learning

Question 35

# Motor learning principles: practice Part-task practice

Answer 35

breaking down the task into small steps

Question 36

# Motor learning principles: practice Whole-task practice

Answer 36

performing entire task from start to finish

Question 37

# Motor learning principles: practice physical practice vs mental practice

Answer 37

* demonstrating vs explaining the task * physical>mental * physical+mental>physical alone * mental practice can trigger neural circuits in brain

Question 38

# Motor learning principles: feedback intrinsic feedback

Answer 38

can come from pt them self | (tactile, visual, proprioreceptive, etc)

Question 39

# Motor learning principles: feedback extrinsic (augmented) feedback

Answer 39

can be either: concurrent (KP)-happens during task or terminal(KR)-happens at end of task

Question 40

# Motor learning principles: feedback PT role

Answer 40

part of extrinsic feedback give feedback during/after task

Question 41

# Motor learning principles: feedback If goal is to enhance motor learning, what type of feedback would you provide?

Answer 41

provide extrinsic FB (KR) after a few practice trials

Question 42

# Motor learning principles: feedback Extrinsic feedback schedule components

Answer 42

* Immediate post response/ delayed * Summary * Constant * Variable

Question 43

# Extrinsic feedback components Immediate post response/delayed FB

Answer 43

short pause, then feedback

Question 44

# Extrinsic feedback components Summary

Answer 44

given after several tries

Question 45

# Extrinsic feedback components Constant

Answer 45

all the time during/after every trial

Question 46

# Extrinsic feedback components Variable

Answer 46

focused on different aspect of performance given during variable time

Question 47

Which extrinsic feedback components are best for motor learning?

Answer 47

delayed, summary, and variable are best for motor learning

Question 48

# Motor learning principles: feedback Positive roles of extrinsic FB

Answer 48

keeps learner on target motivates the learner provides info to learner how to correct movement

Question 49

# Motor learning principles: feedback Negative roles of extrinsic FB

Answer 49

too much FB: * interferes w/ ability to self-detect and correct errors * degrades permanent motor learning * creates performance dependency