Motor Program and Learning Theories

Question 1

this theory has perceptual trace and memory trace

Answer 1

closed loop theory

Question 2

Knowledge of the correct (or successful) movement. Learned with practice.
Detects Error in movement and corrects

Answer 2

perceptual trace

Question 3

Selection and initiation of the movement

Answer 3

memory trace

Question 4

Memory Trace initiates reaching for a glass on the table – as the arm moves toward the glass the perceptual trace corrects the path of the arm and allows for accurate grasping of the glass.

ex of?

Answer 4

closed loop theory

Question 5

Limitations – can not explain open loop movements made in absence of sensory feedback.

Answer 5

closed loop theory

Question 6

Explained how motor programs are learned.
Novel movement is completed. We store the following
1. Initial movement conditions (position of body, etc.)
2. Parameters used in the motor program
3. Outcome of movement (Knowledge of Results)
4. Sensory Consequences of the movement (How it felt looked sounded)

Answer 6

schema theory

Question 7

Information stored in two forms

Recall or motor schema
Recognition or sensory schema

Answer 7

schema theory

Question 8

Feedback and KR continually adapt the motor and sensory schema to adapt the motor program.
By practicing specific motor tasks under varied conditions, motor learning will be enhanced.

Answer 8

schema theory

Question 9

concept of search strategies; during practice there is a search for the optimal strategy for completing the task; includes both perception AND action

Answer 9

ecological theory

Question 10

Limitations – yet to be applied to specific examples of motor skill acquisition

Answer 10

ecological theory

Question 11

Cognitive – What to Do
a. Reach for glass spill many times
Associative – How to Do
a. Less spilling as have now developed a better strategy to grasp
Autonomous – How to Succeed
a. Reach for glass while carrying on a conversation without spilling

Answer 11

fitts and posner 3 stage model

Question 12

novice stage
advanced stage
expert stage

Answer 12

systems 3 stage model

Question 13

Learner simplifies movement to reduce degrees of freedom and increase success

Answer 13

novice stage

Question 14

Learner releases some degrees of freedom allowing more joints to be involved inthe task

Answer 14

advanced stage

Question 15

Learner releases all degrees of freedom necessary for task. Task performed in most efficient way

Answer 15

expert stage

Question 16

Limitations – not many studies have been conducted at the autonomous or expert levels as it would take months to complete and be cost prohibitive.

Answer 16

systems 3 stage model

Question 17

Develop understanding of task dynamics

Fixation/Diversification

Answer 17

gentile’s 2 stage model

Question 18

Closed skill – have minimal environmental variability – sit to stand form astandard chair.

Answer 18

fixation

Question 19

Open Skills – changing environmental conditions require movement diversification

Answer 19

diversification

Question 20

5 parts of fixation/diversification

Answer 20

fixation
diversification
refine movement
adapting movement
perform task consistently and efficiently

Question 21

Reflexes Building Blocks of Motor Control

Reflexes work in sequence to create movement

Answer 21

reflex theory

Question 22

Limited because reflexes require an external stimulus to be generated. How then would one explain spontaneous movement or volitional movement. If reflexes drove
movement we would have to rely on external stimuli to initiate anything.

Answer 22

reflex theory

Question 23

Top Down approach to control of movement
CNS set up with Higher, Middle, Lower levels of control
Higher control Middle and Middle controls lower without variation

Answer 23

hierarchal theory

Question 24

Limitations – Can not explain the withdrawal reflex – as the reflex creates an immediate motor response. In a top down the motor response could only be initiated by the highercortical center not by a reflexive lower level pain response.

Answer 24

hierarchal theory

Question 25

Central Pattern Generators drive movement withoutthe need for sensory input. ex] wasp without head

Answer 25

motor programming theory

Question 26

Limitations – The same motor program can produce different results depending on the external forces at work. Example – the same program for elbow flexion would produce different result if arm was extended at shoulder versus being held at the side. The forceof gravity is different in each position and would produce a different result.

Answer 26

motor programming theory

Question 27

Look at whole body as a mechanical system and integrate all the forces acting on the body to control or influence the movement. This is the theory where degrees of freedom come into play. All of the varied degrees of freedom in any given movement need to be coordinated in order for the movement to be smooth an controlled. We therefore use synergistic patterns to control movement.

Answer 27

systems theory

Question 28

Limitations – Does not account for the environmental influences on movement, onlyinternal influences within the organism.

Answer 28

systems theory

Question 29

Movement emerges as a result of elements in the environment as needed –not as a result of specific commands from the CNS or from premeditated motor programs.

Answer 29

dynamic action theory

Question 30

Control parameters can change thereby creating a change in the system and a new motor behavior. Increasing velocity of gait will transition one into a jog and then into a run.

Answer 30

dynamic action theory

Question 31

Limitations – Relegates the CNS to a relatively unimportant role.

Answer 31

dynamic action theory

Question 32

We detect information from our environment relevant to action and use that information to control movement. Move in the environment to find food, run from predators, build shelter etc. Perception more important that basic sensation

Answer 32

ecological theory

Question 33

This theory suggests that nervous system function is a perception action system and not simply a sensory-motor system.

Answer 33

ecological theory

Question 34

The individual is an active explorer of the environment. Adaptability of tasks is accounted for. The example of being able to short sit in a variety of chairs is explained by this theory.

Answer 34

ecological theory

Question 35

An individual who has difficulty rising to standing from a short chair will enter a room with a choice of seating options and choose the higher chair. They have perceived that the higher chair will be easier to get into and out of and will choose to interact with their environment in this way.

Answer 35

ecological theory

Question 36

Limitations – less emphasis on the organization and function of the nervous systemincluded.

Answer 36

ecological theory

Question 37

Sensory feedback aids in learning the skill to perform it better on subsequent trials. which theory?

Answer 37

closed loop theory