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PRAXIS > Motor speech > Flashcards

Motor speech Flashcards

1
Q

What is not a common etiology of motor speech disorders?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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2
Q

What is a common etiology of motor speech disorders?

A

Huntington’s disease, seizure disorders, and brainstem stroke

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3
Q

Nonverbal oral apraxia is associated with a lesion in the

A

frontal and central opercula (the operculum is a brain structure next to the insula that is involved in sensory, motor, autonomic, and cognitive processing); it plays a role in behavioral planning and motor functioning

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4
Q

What is the etiology of dysarthrias?

A

issue to the peripheral or central nervous system

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5
Q

What is the etiology of flaccid dysarthria?

A

lower motor neuron damage, especially to muscles and/or CNs involved in speech

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6
Q

How does flaccid dysarthria affect articulation?

A

weak and imprecise consonants

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7
Q

How does flaccid dysarthria affect respiration?

A

reduced subglottal air pressure and short phrases

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8
Q

How does flaccid dysarthria affect phonation?

A

harsh, monopitch and monoloudness, short phrases, breathy; you can hear them breathing;

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9
Q

How does flaccid dysarthria affect resonance?

A

hypernasality; air coming out of the nose

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10
Q

What is the neuromotor basis of flaccid dysarthria?

A

hypotonia and weakness

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11
Q

What is the etiology of ataxic dysarthria?

A

damage to the cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the neuromotor basis of ataxic dysarthria?

A

incoordination

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13
Q

How does ataxic dysarthria affect articulation?

A

imprecise consonants, vowel distortion,

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14
Q

How does ataxic dysarthria affect prosody?

A

long time between words and syllables; slow rate of speech; excessive and even stress

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15
Q

How does ataxic dysarthria affect resonance?

A

hyponasality (not a prominent feature)

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16
Q

How does ataxic dysarthria affect phonation?

A

monopitch; monoloudness; harshness

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17
Q

How does ataxic dysarthria affect respiration?

A

paradoxical breathing

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18
Q

Regarding articulation, all dysarthria types result in

A

imprecise consonants

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19
Q

Regarding phonation, all dysarthria types result in

A

monopitch and monoloudness

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20
Q

Which dysarthria types do not cause vowel distortions?

A

flaccid and hypokinetic

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21
Q

Regarding prosody, which dysarthria types do not cause excess and equal stress?

A

flaccid and hypokinetic

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22
Q

Which dysarthria types do not cause a slow rate of speech?

A

flaccid and hypokinetic

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23
Q

Which dysarthria types cause hypernasality?

A

flaccid, unilateral upper motor neuron, spastic, mixed, hyperkinetic

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24
Q

Which dysarthria type causes hyponasality?

A

ataxic

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25
Q

Which dysarthria types cause mild hypernasality?

A

hypokinetic

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26
Q

Which dysarthria type does not cause someone to produce short phrases?

A

ataxic; flaccid

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27
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

abnormal movements

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28
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

reduced range of motion and reduced movements

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29
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria?

A

weakness and spasticity, just like spastic dysarthria

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30
Q

What are speech characteristics of someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

prolonged phonemes, silences are inappropriate, variable rate, voice stoppage or voice breaks

31
Q

What diseases cause hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

huntington’s disease and dystonia

32
Q

What is the site of lesion for hyperkinetic dysarthria and hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

extrapyramidal tract (deals with indirect motor movement by refining major motor movements)

33
Q

What disease causes hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

Parkinson’s disease

34
Q

What are the speech characteristics of someone with hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

monopitch, monoloudness, reduced loudness, and rapid rate

35
Q

What is a characteristic found in all severities of AOS?

A

increased variability of articulatory characteristics

36
Q

What is multiple input phoneme therapy?

A

a treatment approach designed for clients to gain or regain volitional motor control through clinician cues and client stimuli

37
Q

Intracranial arteritis is never a possible cause for

A

hypokinetic dysarthria

38
Q

The use of breathy onsets during speech is useful for what type of dysarthria?

A

spastic; it oftens results in a harsh voice, uncontrollable subglottic air pressure, and spasms occurring in the larynx

39
Q

People who exhibit ________ struggle to make nonspeech sounds and cannot move the muscles of the throat, soft palate, and tongue for nonspeech purposes

A

oral apraxia

40
Q

What are the etiologies of dysarthria?

A

trauma to the brain (e.g., skull fracture or neck injury), nonprogressive neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, TBI), progressive neurological conditions (e.g., ALS, MS), penetrating injury, toxins

41
Q

What parts of the brain are damaged in apraxia of speech?

A

insula, pathways connecting the parietal lobe to the frontal lobe, lateral prefrontal cortex, and internal capsule

42
Q

What is a prosthetic device for people with ataxic dysarthria?

A

neck brace or cervical collar since people with ataxic dysarthria may have head tremors so the neck brace will stabilize their head

43
Q

What is a common etiology of Apraxia of speech?

A

vascular lesions

44
Q

What is the most effective treatment for Apraxia of Speech?

A

behavioral treatment where speech movements are prioritized as well as speech rate. A pacing board or a metronome can be used to help slow down speech rate

45
Q

What is sound production treatment?

A

a treatment used with people with apraxia of speech that focuses on minimal contrast between words (e.g., shock and sock)

46
Q

When treating dysarthria, to modify respiration, an SLP should

A

use instrumentation (e.g., air pressure manometer) to help them build subglottal air pressure; help them prolong vowels; teach them how to control their breathing; change their postures; change how their breathing habits; shape production of longer phrases and sentences

47
Q

When treating dysarthria, to modify phonation, an SLP should use

A

biofeedback to shape the desired loudness of one’s voice; train the client to use portable amplification systems; tell aphonic clients to use an artificial larynx or other techniques

48
Q

When treating dysathria, to modify resonance, an SLP should use

A

a nose clip or a nasal obdurator (to reduce the flow of air when you speak; making it sound less hypernasal); a nasometer or a nasoendoscope to measure airflow through the nose; teach them to open their mouth wide to increase oral resonance and vocal intensity

49
Q

When treating dysarthria, to modify articulation, an SLP should

A

teach the client how to achieve their best posture; use a bite block to position jaw; use phonetic placement cues; slower rate and minimal contrast pairs; teaching self-monitoring and compensatory strategies/skills

50
Q

When treating dysarthria to modify speech rate, an SLP should

A

use delayed auditory feedback, pacing board, metronomie, hand tapping

51
Q

When treating dysarthria to modify prosody, an SLP should

A

teach appropriate intonation and reduce speech rate

52
Q

When treating dysarthria to modify pitch, an SLP should

A

use modeling and differential feedback

53
Q

When treating dysarthria to modify vocal intensity, an SLP should

A

modeling; increased laryngeal adduction; wider mouth opening; differentially reinforcing greater inhalation

54
Q

What are the causes of dysarthria?

A

trauma; toxic-metabolic causes (e.g., exposure to drugs); infectious disease (e.g., TB or AIDS); nonprogressive neurological damage (e.g., stroke, TBI); degenerative disease (PD or HD)

55
Q

Which dysarthria types do not affect respiration?

A

mixed dysarthria and unilateral upper motor neuron

56
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria?

A

weakness and spasticity caused by a a stroke, multiple sclerosis, or neurosurgical trauma

57
Q

What are the neuromotor bases for mixed dysarthria?

A

flaccid-spastic and ataxic spastic caused by MS, ALS, Friedriech’s Ataxia, and Wilson’s disease

58
Q

What are the differences between flaccid-spastic and ataxic-spastic dysarthria?

A

flaccid-spastic is associated with monopitch and monoloudness whereas ataxic-spastic is associated with inappropriate loudness levels. Flaccid-spastic dysarthria is associated with a slow rate of speech, distorted vowels, breathiness, audible inspiration, nasal emisson, inappropriate silences, and strangled voice quality; no articulatory breakdowns, and is most commonly resulted from ALS. Ataxic-spastic dysarthria is associated with no slow rate of speech and articulatory breakdowns and most commonly results from MS. Hypernasality is present in both

59
Q

What do flaccid-spastic and ataxic-spastic have in common?

A

imprecise articulation and harsh voice quality

60
Q

Regarding respiration issues, how do the following dysarthria types differ: flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic?

A

flaccid: reduced subglottal pressure, short phrases
Ataxic: paradoxical breathing
Hypokinetic: reduced vital capacity; breath quickly and irregularly
Hyperkinetic: forced inhalation and exhalation and you can hear them while they breathe

61
Q

Regarding phonation issues, which types have monopitch and monoloudness?

A

flaccid, ataxic, hypokinetic, flaccid-spastic

62
Q

Regarding phonation issues, which types do not have monopitch and monoloudness?

A

spastic, ataxic-spastic, unilateral upper-motor neuron, hyperkinetic

63
Q

Regarding phonation issues, how do these types of dysarthria differ?

A

spastic: strained-strangled and pitch breaks, low pitch, continuously breathy voice, and short phrases
UUMN: Strained voice; harshness; wet voice; breathy voice
Hyperkinetic: voice stoppage, voice tremor, voice noise, harsh voice, and loudness variation
Ataxic-spastic: inappropriate pitch levels, harsh voice quality

64
Q

What is the difference between tics and chorea?

A

tics: Rapid, involuntary, and quick stereotyped movements
Chorea: random, involuntary movements of the body
Both movement disorders are associated with hyperkinetic dysarthria

65
Q

What is the difference between dystonia and tics?

A

tics: rapid, involuntary, and quick stereotyped movements; dystonia: contraction of antagnostic muscles that cause abnormal posture such as spastic torticollis and blepharospasm

66
Q

Which dysarthria types are caused by a stroke?

A

flaccid; flaccid-spastic; unilateral upper motor neuron; ataxic

67
Q

When treating resonance issues, an SLP can use

A

a CPAP or a nasal clip or a nasal obdurator for hypernasality

68
Q

When treating vocal intensity, an SLP can use

A

LSVT; modeling, shaping, and differently reinforcing greater inhalation; increased laryngeal adduction, and wider mouth opening

69
Q

When treating Apraxia of Speech, you should focus on

A

improving speech movements; helping the client speak faster and improve articulation accuracy.

70
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

reduced range of motion, reduced movement, and rigidity

71
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

abnormal, extra movements

72
Q

What is the neuromotor basis for ataxic dysarthria?

A

incoordination

73
Q

What is the neuromotor for flaccid dysarthria?

A

weakness and hypotonia

74
Q
A

PRAXIS (27 decks)

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