Movement

Question 1

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 1

Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

Question 2

Smooth muscle Tissue and Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Answer 2

Involuntary control

Question 3

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Answer 3

Voluntary control

Question 4

What are muscles made of?

Answer 4

Muscle fibers

Question 5

What are muscle fibers made of?

Answer 5

Myosin and actin filaments

Question 6

How does a muscle contract?

Answer 6

Motor neuron releases acetylcholine and opens calcium channels
Myosin pulls on the actin

Question 7

How do motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers?

Answer 7

Secrete acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

Question 8

Motor Unit

Answer 8

all the muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron

Question 9

Antagonistic Muscles

Answer 9

Produce opposite movements at a joint

Question 10

Muscle spindles

Answer 10

Muscle stretch receptors

Question 11

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 11

Detect tension in a muscle to prevent damage

Question 12

Stretch reflex

Answer 12

When a muscle is stretched a reflex circuit triggers contraction–> restores the muscle to its original length

Question 13

Central Pattern Generators

Answer 13

Neuronal networks that produce rhythmic motor activity patterns

Question 14

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 14

Plans actions with regard to their consequences

Question 15

Where does the prefrontal Cortex receive info?

Answer 15

From the ventral stream

Question 16

Premotor Cortex

Answer 16

Begins programming movements

Question 17

Supplementary motor area

Answer 17

Assembles sequences of movements

Question 18

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 18

executing voluntary movements

Question 19

What is the basal ganglia made of?

Answer 19

Caudate nucleus
putamen
Globus pallidus

Question 20

Cerebellum

Answer 20

Receives info. from motor cortex

Question 21

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 21

Motor tremors
Loss of balance and coordination
Difficulty in moving

Question 22

Causes of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 22

Deterioration of the substantia nigra

Loss of dopamine in the brain

Question 23

What percentage of Parkinson’s disease is genetic?

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

L-dopa

Answer 24

Popular treatment of parkinson’s disease

Precursor to dopamine

Question 25

Huntington's Disease

Answer 25

Degenerative disorder of the motor system Cognitive impairment depression Personality changes

Question 26

What are motor symptoms of huntington's disease caused by?

Answer 26

degeneration of neurons in the striatum

Question 27

What is huntington's disease caused by?

Answer 27

Mutation in huntingtin gene

Question 28

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 28

Muscular weakness caused by a decrease in number or sensitivity of acetylcholine receptors Autoimmune Disease

Question 29

Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 29

Removal of the thymus

Question 30

Mulitple Sclerosis

Answer 30

degeneration of myelin and neuron loss in the CNS

Question 31

Demyelination

Answer 31

Causes slowing or elimination of neural impulses--> Reducing speed and strengths of movements

Question 32

What happens to demyelinated neurons?

Answer 32

They die and become scar tissue

Question 33

Treatments for Multiple sclerosis?

Answer 33

Decreasing the immune response Potassium channel blockers Stem cells to reverse cell loss

Question 34

How is sensory information processed?

Answer 34

In a hierarchy

Question 35

Thalamus

Answer 35

Sensory relay center in the brain

Question 36

4 types of skin receptors

Answer 36

Touch, Warmth, Cold, and Pain

Question 37

Labeled Lines

Answer 37

each skin receptor is specialized for a particular stimulus and pathway

Question 38

Free nerve endings

Answer 38

Detect warmth, cold, and pain

Question 39

Encapsulated receptors

Answer 39

detect touch

Question 40

Pacinian Corpuscles

Answer 40

Vibrations

Question 41

Meissners corpuscles and Merkel's discs

Answer 41

touch

Question 42

Ruffini's ending

Answer 42

Stretch

Question 43

Receptive fields for Pacinian corpuscles and ruffinis ending

Answer 43

Large

Question 44

Receptive fields for Meissner's corpuscle and Merkel's disc

Answer 44

Small

Question 45

Sharp Pain

Answer 45

Large myelinated A-delta axons that convey info. quickly

Question 46

Dull pain

Answer 46

Unmyelinated C axons that conduct slowly | Persists longer

Question 47

What does the spinal cord do to increase pain sensitivity?

Answer 47

Releases glutamate and substance P

Question 48

Congenital Insensitivity to pain

Answer 48

Inability to feel pain

Question 49

Causes of CIPA

Answer 49

Nonfunctioning sodium channels in pain neurons loss of unmyelinated pain fibers elevated endogenous opioid levels

Question 50

Chronic Pain

Answer 50

Persists after healing Reduced pain threshold Loss of gray matter

Question 51

Phantom Pain

Answer 51

experienced in people's limb or body part