Movement

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle?

Answer 1

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

Question 2

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

Answer 2

Skeletal muscle is made from fascicles

Which are made from muscle fibres

Which are made from myofibrils

Which are made from actin and myosin microfilaments

Question 3

What happens when a muscle is strained?

Answer 3

Some muscle fibres are torn

Question 4

Is skeletal muscle striated?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What increases with increased muscle fibre length?

Answer 5

Potential shortening range

Potential range of movement at joint

Question 6

Name the different types of skeletal muscle and where they can be found

Answer 6

Circular - surrounding eye
Fusiform (spindle) - biceps brachial
Pennate (like a feather) - deltoid
Quadrate - rectus abdominus (abs)
Flat with aponeurosis -external oblique

Question 7

What must a skeletal muscle do in order to move a joint?

Answer 7

Cross joint i.e. Be attached to bones on both sides

Question 8

What is the only thing a skeletal muscle can do to the origin and insertion?

Answer 8

Bring them closer together

Question 9

In how many places must a skeletal muscle be attached to bones?

Answer 9

At least 2

Question 10

To what do facial muscles insert?

Answer 10

The skin

Question 11

When referring to skeletal muscles, what is the origin?

Answer 11

Attachment point
usually proximal
usually remains still during movement

Question 12

When referring to skeletal muscles, what is the insertion?

Answer 12

Attachment point on other side of joint
Usually moves
Usually distal

Question 13

Can tendons contract?

Answer 13

No - noncontractile

Question 14

What attaches muscle to bone?

Answer 14

Tendons

Question 15

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 15

A flattened tendon
Often associated with flat muscles
Attach muscle to soft tissue

Question 16

What features of a muscle can be described in the name?

Answer 16

Shape
Location
Relative size (major, minor, longis, brevus)
Main bony attachment
Main movement

Question 17

What determines possible movements in joint?

Answer 17

Shape or articular surface

Question 18

How can you carry out a clinical exam on a skeletal muscle?

Answer 18

Ask patient to move in certain ways

Test reflex

Question 19

What is examined in a clinical examination of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 19

Power and mobility

Nerve supply

Question 20

What is a reflex?

Answer 20

Rapid, involuntary reaction to danger

Question 21

What are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

Answer 21

Stretch

Flexion withdrawal

Question 22

When does the stretch reflex occur?

Answer 22

When tendon is stretched, prevents muscle being overstretched

Question 23

When does a flexion withdrawal reflex occur?

Answer 23

Touch something dangerous - fire

Question 24

Give some examples of stretch reflexes

Answer 24

Knee jerk
Ankle jerk
Triceps jerk
Biceps jerk

Question 25

What happens during a deep tendon reflex?

Answer 25

Muscular sensory nerve detects stretch and relays info to spinal cord Signal passed to motor nerve Motor nerve stimulates contraction

Question 26

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 26

Junction between motor nerve and muscle

Question 27

What is the reflex arc?

Answer 27

Route taken by signals during reflex

Question 28

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate?

Answer 28

Muscle, sensory and motor nerves, spinal cord connection, neuromuscular junction, and descending controls from brain are working

Question 29

What is muscle paralysis?

Answer 29

No functioning motor nerve supply

Question 30

Describe a paralysed muscle?

Answer 30

Decreased muscle tone | Cannot contract

Question 31

What is muscle spasticity?

Answer 31

Muscle has working motor nerve but descending controls from brain not working Increased muscle tone shown

Question 32

What occurs during muscular atrophy?

Answer 32

Myocytes reduce in size

Question 33

What causes muscular atrophy?

Answer 33

Inactivity Bed bound, cast, damage to motor nerve

Question 34

What is the opposite of atrophy?

Answer 34

Hypertrophy Individual myocytes increase in size

Question 35

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 35

When the myocyte size remains the same but more cells are formed

Question 36

Describe location and covering of skeletal muscles

Answer 36

Deep to deep fascia Covered by fibrous connective tissue

Question 37

What are the fascia and muscle compartments separated by?

Answer 37

Deep fascia and intermuscular septum

Question 38

Name the compartments in the thigh

Answer 38

Anterior Medical Posterior

Question 39

Name the compartments in the leg

Answer 39

Anterior Posterior Lateral

Question 40

Name the compartments in the arm

Answer 40

Anterior | Posterior

Question 41

Name the compartments in the forearm

Answer 41

Anterior | Posterior

Question 42

What is a fasciotomy?

Answer 42

An emergency procedure to relieve pressure in limb

Question 43

What can happen when there is swelling or bleeding in a compartment?

Answer 43

No where else to go - pressure increases Can disrupt nerve and muscle function

Question 44

What kind of muscle is the diaphragm made of?

Answer 44

Skeletal

Question 45

What do skeletal muscles control in proximal alimentary/respiratory tract?

Answer 45

Coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting,