Movement disorders Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is cerebral palsy?
A group of permanent, non-progressive abnormalities of the developing foetal or neonatal brain, leading to movement and posture disorders that cause activity limitation and functional impact.
There is no cure, but symptoms and complications can be managed.
Is cerebral palsy progressive?
No, the brain abnormalities are non-progressive, but functional difficulties may change over time.
What are common medical comorbidities in cerebral palsy?
Epilepsy
Musculoskeletal problems (e.g. muscle contractures, abnormal torsion)
What is motor neurone disease?
A neurodegenerative condition affecting the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness.
What are common symptoms of MND?
Muscle cramps, stiffness, wasting, loss of dexterity, respiratory decline, cognitive dysfunction.
What is the first-line treatment for muscle cramps in MND?
Quinine (unlicensed indication).
What is the second-line option if quinine is ineffective or not tolerated?
Baclofen (unlicensed indication).
Which drugs are used to manage muscle stiffness and spasticity in MND?
Baclofen, tizanidine, dantrolene sodium, and gabapentin (all unlicensed indications).
What drug class is used first for excessive drooling in MND?
Antimuscarinics (unlicensed indications).
Which antimuscarinic is preferred for patients with cognitive impairment?
Glycopyrronium bromide, due to fewer CNS side effects.
What can be used for thick, sticky saliva in MND?
Humidifiers, nebulisers, and carbocisteine.
What can be used to treat breathlessness in MND?
Opioids (unlicensed indication).
What is dystonia?
Dystonia is a neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder involving involuntary, sustained or repetitive muscle contractions, causing twisting movements or abnormal postures.
Which antipsychotic is commonly used to treat motor tics and Tourette syndrome?
Haloperidol.
Which antipsychotic used for Tourette syndrome requires ECG monitoring?
Pimozide [unlicensed indication], due to risk of QT prolongation.
Which drug class is used to treat essential tremor and anxiety-related tremors?
Beta-adrenoceptor blockers, especially propranolol hydrochloride.
