Movement Impairments/ Motor Control

Question 1

resting tremors

Answer 1

observable at rest and may or may not disappear with movement; i.e. parkinson’s

Question 2

postural tremors

Answer 2

observable during a voluntary contraction to maintain a posture; i.e. hyperthyroidism, fatigue or anxiety, benign essential tumor

Question 3

intention tremors

Answer 3

absent at rest, observable with activity and increases as target approaches; i.e. cerebellar lesion, MS

Question 4

tics

Answer 4

sudden, brief, repetitive coordinated movements; i.e. tourette syndrome

Question 5

chorea

Answer 5

form of hyperkinesia, that presents with brief, irregular contractions that are rapid, “fidgeting” or ballismus are examples; i.e. huntington’s

Question 6

dystonia

Answer 6

sustained muscle contractions that frequently cause twisting, abnormal postures, and repetitive movements; i.e. parkinsons, CP, encephalitis

Question 7

athetosis

Answer 7

slow, twisting and writhing movements with large amplitude (primarily in the face, tongue, trunk, extremities); i.e. cerebral palsy

Question 8

akinesia

Answer 8

inability to initiate movement; common in parkinson’s

Question 9

asthenia

Answer 9

generalized weakness secondary to cerebellar pathology

Question 10

ataxia

Answer 10

inability to perform coordinated movements

Question 11

bradykinesia

Answer 11

movement that is very slow

Question 12

clasp-knife response

Answer 12

form of resistance seen during ROM of a hypertonic joint with greatest resistance at initiation of range that lessens with motion

Question 13

clonus

Answer 13

characteristic of UMN lesion; involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by quick stretch reflex

Question 14

cogwheel rigidity

Answer 14

form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality; common in parkinsons

Question 15

dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 15

inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

Question 16

dysmetria

Answer 16

inability to control range of motion and force of muscular activity

Question 17

fasciculation

Answer 17

muscular twitch indicative of lower motor neuron disease or could be benign

Question 18

hemiballism

Answer 18

involuntary and violent movement of large body part

Question 19

kinesthesia

Answer 19

ability to perceive direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part

Question 20

lead pipe rigidity

Answer 20

form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to ROM; associated with basal ganglia

Question 21

rigidity

Answer 21

state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contraction does not allow for any movement at specified joint

Question 22

intrinsic (inherent) feedback

Answer 22

all feedback that comes to the person through sensory systems including vestibular, visual, proprioceptive, adn somatosensory

Question 23

Extrinsic (augmented) feedback

Answer 23

info that can be provided while a task or movement is in progress (verbal or manual contacts)

Question 24

knowledge of results

Answer 24

important form of extrinsic feedback that includes terminal feedback about outcome of a movement in relation to the goals

Question 25

knowledge of performance

Answer 25

extrinsic feedback that relates to the actual movement pattern used to achieve a goal

Question 26

massed practice

Answer 26

practice time is greater than the rest between trials

Question 27

distributed practice

Answer 27

amount of rest time is equal to or greater than amount of practice time

Question 28

constant practice

Answer 28

practice of a given task under a uniform condition

Question 29

variable practice

Answer 29

practice of a given task under differing conditions

Question 30

random practice

Answer 30

varying practice amongst different tasks

Question 31

blocked practice

Answer 31

consistent practice of a single task

Question 32

whole training

Answer 32

practice of an entire task

Question 33

part training

Answer 33

practice of an individual component or selected components of a task

Question 34

closed system model

Answer 34

transfer of info that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control. Nervous system is considered an "active participant".

Question 35

Compensation

Answer 35

ability to utilize alternate motor and sensory strategies due to an impairment that limits the normal completion of a task

Question 36

habituation

Answer 36

decrease in response that will occur as a result of consistent exposure to non-painful stimuli

Question 37

learning

Answer 37

process of acquiring knowledge about the world that leads to a relatively permanent change in a person's capability to perform a skilled action

Question 38

Types of learning

Answer 38

non-associative: single repeated stimulus (habituation) associative: gaining understanding of the relationship between two stimuli, causal relationship (classical or operant conditioning) procedural: learning tasks that can be performed without attention or concentration (develop a habit) declarative: requires attention, awareness, and reflection in order to attain knowledge (mental practice)

Question 39

motor learning

Answer 39

ability to perform a movement as a result of internal processes that interact with the environment and produce a consistent strategy (acquisition and modification of movement)

Question 40

motor program

Answer 40

concept of central motor pattern that can be activated by sensory stimuli or central processes

Question 41

open system model

Answer 41

characterized by single transfer of info without any feedback loop (nervous system is awaiting stimuli in order to react)

Question 42

plasticity

Answer 42

ability to modify or change at the synapse level either temporarily or permanently in order to perform a function

Question 43

recovery

Answer 43

ability to utilize previous strategies to return to same level of functioning

Question 44

closed motor skill

Answer 44

skill performed under stable and unchanging environment

Question 45

open motor skill

Answer 45

skill performed under a consistently changing environment

Question 46

Contract - relax

Answer 46

MOBILITY - used to increase ROM; max contraction of antagonist muscle

Question 47

hold - relax

Answer 47

MOBILITY - isometric contraction used to increase ROM; all muscle groups at point of limitation

Question 48

hold-relax active movement

Answer 48

MOBILITY - improve initiation of movement to muscle groups at 1/5 or less; muscle passively placed in shortened position and isometric contraction elicited; quickly moved into passive lengthened position and isotonically return to shortened position

Question 49

repeated contractions

Answer 49

MOBILITY - initiate movement and sustain contraction through ROM

Question 50

rhythmic initiation

Answer 50

MOBILITY - assist with movement initiation when hypertonia exists; slow rhythmical movements progressing from PROM to AAROM to AROM to resisted ROM

Question 51

rhythmic stabilization

Answer 51

MOBILITY/ STABILITY - increase ROM and coordinate isometric contractions; progressive isometrics of all muscle groups

Question 52

rhythmic rotation

Answer 52

MOBILITY - passive technique to decrease hypertonia by slowly rotating around a longitudinal axis

Question 53

Sensory stimulation techniques: FACILITATION

Answer 53

``` approximation/ joint compression icing light touch quick stretch resistance tapping traction ```

Question 54

Sensory stimulation techniques: INHIBITION

Answer 54

deep pressure prolonged stretch warmth prolonged cold