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COMP EXAM PREP > MSK basics - exam > Flashcards

MSK basics - exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscle force production: greatest to least

A

Eccentric contraction → 💪 MOST force

Isometric contraction → mid-level force

Concentric contraction → 💪 LEAST force

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2
Q

Eccentric:

A

Cross-bridges are forcibly detached as the muscle lengthens → passive elements like titin + stored elastic energy = extra force.

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3
Q

Isometric:

A

Cross-bridges are maximally engaged but no sliding = stable, strong force.

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4
Q

Concentric:

A

Cross-bridges have to detach and reattach quickly → less efficient, lower force.

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5
Q

Tibiofemoral condyles:

A

Medial femoral condyle = Larger, more curved, and extends farther distally.

Lateral femoral condyle = Flatter, shorter distally, and projects more posteriorly.

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6
Q

Screw-Home Mechanism

A

A locking mechanism during the last 20–30° of knee extension, increasing joint stability.

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7
Q

Open Chain (tibia on femur)

A

The tibia rotates laterally on the femur to lock.

FF TIP: 🧠 “TOLL” → Tibia in Open chain goes Laterally for Locking

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8
Q

Closed Chain (femur on tibia)

A

The femur rotates medially on the fixed tibia to lock.

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9
Q

Unlocking (Knee Flexion Initiation)

A

Requires the popliteus muscle to medially rotate the tibia (open chain) or laterally rotate the femur (closed chain

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10
Q

Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) - leg

A

Tibia moves on femur

Lateral to lock (extension)

Tibia rotates laterally

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11
Q

Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) - leg

A

Femur moves on tibia

Fixed (femur rotates medially)

Femur rotates medially

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12
Q

Upward Rotators of the Scapula

A

Upper Trapezius

Lower Trapezius

Serratus Anterior

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13
Q

Upper Trapezius

A

Elevates scapula + upward rotation

Spinal Accessory N. (CN XI)

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14
Q

Lower Trapezius

A

Depresses scapula + upward rotation

Spinal Accessory N. (CN XI)

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15
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Protracts scapula + upward rotation

Long Thoracic N. (C5–C7)

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16
Q

Downward Rotators of the Scapula

A

Levator Scapulae

Rhomboid Major & Minor

Pectoralis Minor

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17
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

Elevates + downward rotation

Dorsal scapular n. (C5)

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18
Q

Rhomboid Major & Minor

A

Retracts + downward rotation

Dorsal scapular n. (C5)

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19
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Pulls coracoid forward/down → rotation

Medial pectoral n. (C8–T1)

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20
Q

Upward Rotation → “SUT”

A

Serratus Anterior

Upper Trap

Trap (Lower)

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21
Q

Downward Rotation → “RLP”

A

Rhomboids

Levator Scapulae

Pec Minor

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22
Q

Upward Rotation Force Couple

A

Occurs during arm elevation (abduction or flexion)

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23
Q

Downward Rotation Force Couple

A

Occurs during lowering of the arm, or motions like reaching behind the back

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24
Q

Weak serratus anterior =

A

scapular winging → limits upward rotation

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25
Overactive upper trap & weak lower trap =
poor overhead mechanics
26
Rotator cuff dysfunction =
shoulder impingement due to unopposed deltoid
27
Excessive Upward Rotation of Scapula Caused By:
Tight/Overactive Upward Rotators Weak/Inhibited Downward Rotators
28
Excessive Downward Rotation of Scapula Caused By:
Tight/Overactive Downward Rotators Weak/Inhibited Upward Rotators
29
Anterior drawer test
ATFL ACL
30
Kleiger’s test
Tibia Fibula
31
Thompson test
Achilles
32
Talar tilt test
CFL
33
Active Insufficiency
The inability of a two joint muscle to shorten simultaneously at force limited!! muscle too short FUNCTION
34
Passive Insufficiency
The inability of a two joint muscle to lengthen simultaneously at ROM limited!! muscle too long STRETCH
35
When a muscle can't contract enough to produce full range of motion across all joints it crosses =
Active Insufficiency The muscle is too shortened to generate effective force
36
When a muscle can't lengthen enough to allow full ROM at all joints it crosses =
Passive Insufficiency The muscle is too long/tight and restricts movement
37
Key 2-Joint Muscles
Rectus Femoris Hamstrings Gastrocnemius Sartorius Gracilis Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) Biceps Brachii Triceps (long head)
38
Rectus Femoris
AI: Hip flex + knee ext PI: Hip ext + knee flex
39
Hamstrings
AI: Hip ext + knee flex PI: Hip flex + knee ext
40
Gastrocnemius
AI: Knee flex + ankle PF PI: Knee extended + Ankle DF
41
Sartorius
Combo muscle — test in figure-4 position AI: Hip flex/ER/ABD Knee flex/IR PI: Hip ext/ADD/IR + Knee extended
42
Gracilis
AI: Hip adducted + Knee flexed PI: Hip abducted + Knee extended
43
Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)
Often tight → contributes to abnormal patellar tracking AI: Hip flexed/ABD/IR + Knee extended PI: Hip ext/ADD/ER + Knee flexed
44
Biceps Brachii
AI: Shoulder + elbow flex + supination PI: Shoulder extended + Elbow extended + Pronated
45
Triceps (long head)
AI: Shoulder extended + Elbow extended PI: Shoulder flexion + elbow flexion
46
Rule of 6 Framework
0–6 weeks = protective phase 6-12 weeks = Active Motion Phase 12 weeks - 6 months = Strengthening Phase 6+ months = Return to Sport Phase
47
Protective Phase
🔹 Protect repair 🔹 Limit stress 🔹 PROM only Healing tissue is fragile; graft or repair needs to stay undisturbed
48
Active Motion Phase
🔹 Begin AAROM → AROM 🔹 Light isometrics 🔹 Restore basic mobility Tendon-to-bone healing improving, but strength not restored yet
49
Strengthening Phase
🔹 Progressive strengthening 🔹 Functional movement 🔹 Return to activity (non-sport) Tendon matures → collagen remodeling begins
50
Return to Sport Phase
🔹 High-level activity 🔹 Plyos 🔹 Sport-specific drills Full strength, endurance, proprioception needed
51
Achilles Tendon Repair
0–6 wks: NWB or boot with PF, no active PF 6–12 wks: Progress WB, gentle DF ROM, start heel raises 12+ wks: Calf strengthening, gait normalization 6+ months: Running, jumping, return to sport
52
Rotator Cuff Repair
0–6 wks: Sling use, PROM only (scapular, pendulums) 6–12 wks: AAROM → AROM, isometrics 12+ wks: Progressive resistance training 6+ months: Overhead and sport activities
53
Tendon-to-bone healing takes ~___
12 weeks
54
Full remodeling and strength return =
6+ months
55
Rushing rehab =
increased re-tear risk, esp. rotator cuff
56
pronation distortion syndrome or valgus collapse pattern
Overpronation of the Foot Internal Rotation of the Tibia (Leg) Knee Moves Inward (Valgus) Femur Internally Rotates Pelvis Tilts Forward (Anterior Pelvic Tilt)
57
Overpronation of the Foot =
Flattening of the medial arch Leads to excessive mobility and instability
58
Internal Rotation of the Tibia (Leg) =
Due to subtalar joint collapse Can strain the knee and disrupt tibiofemoral alignment
59
Knee Moves Inward (Valgus) =
Increased Q-angle Medial collapse stresses ACL and patellofemoral joint
60
Femur Internally Rotates =
Weak hip external rotators (glute max, deep rotators) Often paired with adduction
61
Pelvis Tilts Forward (Anterior Pelvic Tilt) =
Short/tight hip flexors (iliopsoas, rectus femoris) Weak abdominals and glutes
62
Femoral Torsion: Overview
Anteversion - Increased forward angle of the femoral neck relative to the condyles (normal ~10–15°) Retroversion - Decreased angle (or more posterior alignment) of femoral neck
63
Femoral Anteversion
Hip Internal Rotation = In-toeing to maintain head of femur in acetabulum Tibial Internal Torsion = Matches hip rotation for alignment Subtalar Pronation = Follows tibial IR → arch collapses Toe-In Gait = Classic sign, especially in children Squinting Patellae = Patellae face inward due to femoral IR
64
Femoral Retroversion
Hip External Rotation = Femur "sits back" → more comfortable in ER Tibial External Torsion = Matches femoral position Subtalar Supination = Rigid foot posture develops for stability Toe-Out Gait = Common in retroversion Frog-Eyed Patellae = Patellae face outward due to ER of femur

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