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COMP EXAM PREP > Neuro Basics/Exam > Flashcards

Neuro Basics/Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Components:

A

> Brain:
Cerebrum (lobes)
Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
Cerebellum
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

> Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Components:

A

> Cranial Nerves (CN III–XII) (12 pairs)
Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
Peripheral Nerves

> Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic (fight/flight)
Parasympathetic (rest/digest)

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3
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Functions:

A

Integration & processing of information

Coordination of voluntary & involuntary activity

Higher cognitive functions (thinking, memory, learning)

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Functions:

A

Transmits sensory input from body to CNS

Carries motor output from CNS to muscles/glands

Regulates involuntary function (heart, digestion, etc.)

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5
Q

CNS
Common Lesions / Signs:

A

UMN (Upper Motor Neuron): ↑ tone (spasticity), ↑ reflexes, Babinski +, weakness

CNS stroke/TBI/SCI: Hemiplegia, cognitive changes, altered reflexes

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6
Q

PNS
Common Lesions / Signs:

A

LMN (Lower Motor Neuron): ↓ tone (flaccid), ↓ reflexes, atrophy, fasciculations

Peripheral nerve injury: Localized weakness/sensation loss, dermatomal or peripheral nerve pattern

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7
Q

brains:

A

main brain = cerebrum

small brain = cerebellum

brain stem = midbrain, pons, medulla

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8
Q

Frontal lobe lesion:

A

“On top of” everything
CEO

  • Aphasia: Broca’s
  • Controls plan, programming, movement
  • Emotional, behavior control, personality
  • Olfaction
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9
Q

Temporal lobe lesion

A
  • Hearing and language comprehension
  • Aphasia: Wernicke’s
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10
Q

___ hemisphere is usually called
the DOMINANT HEMISPHERE

A

Left

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11
Q

BROCA’s Aphasia

A

BEN
* Broken speech
* Expressive aphasia
* Non-fluent aphasia

  • Lobe: Frontal lobe
  • Treatment: Yes/No questions
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12
Q

WERNICKE’s Aphasia

A
  • Unable to understand
  • Receptive aphasia
  • Fluent aphasia
  • Word salad
  • Lobe: Temporal lobe
  • Treatment: Gestures/demonstrations
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13
Q

Global aphasia

A

most severe form of aphasia

characterized by profound impairments in both expressive and receptive language

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14
Q

Parietal lobe lesion:

A
  • Perceptual disorders: e.g. unilateral neglect
  • Sensory loss

commonly seen with R side lesion -> L side neglect

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15
Q

Occipital lobe lesion:

A
  • Visual loss
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16
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

A

24 nerves

12 pairs

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17
Q

CRANIAL NERVES - Name

“Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah Heaven!”

A

I: olfactory
II: optic
III: oculomotor
IV: trochlear
V: trigeminal
VI: abducens
VII: facial
VIII: vestibulocochlear
IX: glossopharyngeal
X: vagus
XI: accessory
XII: hypoglossal

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18
Q

Cranial Nerve Types

“Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most”

A

I: olfactory - sensory
II: optic - sensory
III: oculomotor - motor
IV: trochlear - motor
V: trigeminal - both
VI: abducens - motor
VII: facial - both
VIII: vestibulocochlear - sensory
IX: glossopharyngeal - both
X: vagus - both
XI: accessory - motor
XII: hypoglossal - motor

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19
Q

Cranial Nerves - Location

CE
Mi
Pons
Medu

A

I: olfactory - cerebrum
II: optic - cerebrum
III: oculomotor - midbrain
IV: trochlear - midbrain
V: trigeminal - pons
VI: abducens - pons
VII: facial - pons
VIII: vestibulocochlear - pons
IX: glossopharyngeal - medu
X: vagus - medu
XI: accessory - medu
XII: hypoglossal - medu

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20
Q

CN I:

A

Name: CN I: Olfactory
* Type: Sensory
* Function: Sense of smell
* Affected: Anosmia

In cerebrum = frontal lobe

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21
Q

CN II:

A

Name: CN II: Optic
* Type: Sensory
* Function: Vision- Color, acuity, peripheral vision, Pupillary Light Reflex
* Affected: Blindness, myopia, presbyopia

in cerebrum

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22
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex:

A

A reflex that causes both pupils to constrict in response to light entering one eye

Used to assess brainstem function, especially midbrain integrity

CN II (Optic Nerve) = afferent fibers - Detects incoming light stimulus

CN III (Oculomotor Nerve) = efferent fibers - Causes pupillary constriction via parasympathetic fibers

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23
Q

Myopia =

A

Nearsightedness

Can see near, but not far

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24
Q

Presbyopia =

A

Age-related farsightedness

Can see far, but not near

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25
No constriction in either eye =
CN II lesion (afferent pathway) on tested side
26
No constriction in tested eye, but consensual present in opposite eye =
CN III lesion (efferent) on tested side
27
One dilated pupil that doesn’t respond to light =
CN III palsy, or increased ICP
28
CN III:
Name: CN III: Oculomotor Nerve * Type: Motor * Function: Movement of eyeball (up, down, in, up + in) Opens eyelids Constricts pupils (pupillary light reflex)
29
CN III: affected
Strabismus – Lateral = stays out at rest Ptosis – Drooping of eyelids Dilation of Pupils
30
CN IV:
Name: Trochlear Nerve * Type: Motor * Function: Move eye (down and in) "SO4" = Superior Oblique is CN IV Function: Depresses and intorts the eye when looking medially Lesion sign: Trouble going down stairs, vertical diplopia, head tilt away from lesion
31
CN VI:
Name: Abducens Nerve * Type: Motor * Function: Move eye (lateral/out) "LR6" = Lateral Rectus is CN VI Function: Abducts the eye (lateral gaze) Lesion sign: Eye pulled medially at rest, can’t abduct → horizontal diplopia
32
CN V:
Name: Trigeminal Nerve * Type: Mixed nerve SENSATION to face + chewing Corneal reflex – AFFERENT (senses eye poke) SENSATION to anterior 2/3rd of tongue Dampens sounds
33
CN VII:
Name: Facial Nerve * Type: Mixed nerve MOVEMENT to face (except chewing + opening eyelid) Corneal reflex – EFFERENT (closes eye) TASTE to anterior 2/3rd of tongue Dampens sounds
34
CN VIII:
Name: Vestibulocochlear Nerve * Type: Sensory * Function: Balance and Hearing
35
Conductive hearing loss =
location: Outer or middle ear (e.g. wax, infection, ossicle damage) cause: Earwax, otitis media, otosclerosis, perforated eardrum weber: Sound localizes to affected ear rinne: Bone > Air (abnormal)
36
Sensorineural hearing loss =
location: Inner ear or CN VIII (e.g. cochlea, auditory nerve) cause: Aging (presbycusis), noise exposure, Meniere’s, acoustic neuroma weber: Sound localizes to unaffected ear rinne: Air > Bone, but both reduced (normal pattern)
37
Steps to Diagnose Hearing Loss:
Step 1. Rinne’s test >>> for TYPE – (Conductive vs Sensorineural ) Step 2. Weber’s test >>> for the SIDE – (Right vs left)
38
RINNE – For TYPE of Hearing Loss
normal: AC > BC sensorineural: AC > BC conductive: BC > AC
39
Weber’s - For SIDE of Hearing Loss
normal: Heard equal on both sides sensorineural: Heard LOUDER in NORMAL ear conductive: Heard LOUDER in AFFECTED
40
Use CANS for Weber’s:
- Conductive--------- Louder to AFFECTED ear - Sensorineural ----- Louder in NORMAL ear
41
CN IX:
Name: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Type: Mixed Function: * Gag reflex: Afferent * Posterior tongue sensation and taste * Salivation
42
CN X:
Name: Vagus Nerve Type: Mixed Function: * Gag reflex: Efferent * Deviation of Uvula = opp. to side of lesion
43
CN XII:
Name: Hypoglossal Nerve * Type: MOTOR * Function: Moves tongue LICK YOUR LESION = deviates same side as lesion
44
Nerves to tongue:
5, 7, 9 = sensory 12 = motor
45
CN XI
Name: Spinal Accessory Nerve * Type: Motor Innervates: Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) → turns head to opposite side Upper trapezius → elevates shoulders
46
Frontal lobe =
motor control = premotor cortex problem solving = prefrontal area speech production = broca's area
47
Temporal lobe =
auditory processing = hearing language comprehension = wernicke's area memory/information retrieval
48
Parietal lobe =
touch perception = somatosensory cortex body orientation and sensory discrimination
49
Occipital lobe =
sight (visual cortex) visual reception and visual interpretation
50
Cerebellum =
balance and coordination
51
Brainstem =
involuntary responses
52
I. Olfactory action/test:
Identify familiar odors with eyes closed
53
II. Optic action/test:
Test visual fields
54
III. Oculomotor action/test:
Upward, downward, and medial gaze
55
IV. Trochlear action/test:
Downward and in
56
V. Trigeminal action/test:
Sensation of face, muscles of mastication, corneal reflex, and jaw reflex
57
VI. Abducens action/test:
Lateral gaze
58
VII. Facial action/test:
Muscles of facial expression, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue – identify familiar tastes, close eyes tight, smile with teeth, puff cheeks
59
VIII. Vestibulo-cochlear action/test:
Hearing tests, balance and coordination tests: finger to nose
60
IX. Glosso-pharyngeal action/test:
Taste and sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue, ability to swallow, gag reflex (afferent)
61
X. Vagus action/test:
Gag reflex (efferent), say “ahh”, rise of uvula when stroked
62
XI. Spinal Accessory action/test:
Resisted shoulder shrug
63
XII. Hypoglossal action/test:
Tongue protrusion – if injured, will deviate towards side of lesion
64
location/diagnosis UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: CNS LMN: PNS Basal ganglia: BG Cerebellum: cerebellum
65
structures involved UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: Cortex, Brainstem, spinal cord LMN: Peripheral nerves, nerve roots, cranial nerves Basal ganglia: BG Cerebellum: cerebellum
66
tone UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: Increased- hypertonia Velocity dependent LMN: Decreased- hypotonia Basal ganglia: Rigidity Cerebellum: Decreased
67
reflexes UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: Hyperreflexia/abnormal reflexes- clonus, Babinski LMN: Hyporeflexia or absent Basal ganglia: Decreased or normal Cerebellum: Decreased or normal
68
sensation UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: Decreased LMN: Decreased Basal ganglia: Normal Cerebellum: Normal
69
involuntary movements UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: Muscle spasms- flexor or extensor LMN: Denervation- fasciculations Basal ganglia: Resting tremors Cerebellum: None
70
voluntary movements UMN: LMN: Basal ganglia: Cerebellum:
UMN: Movements in synergic patterns LMN: Weak or absent Basal ganglia: Bradykinesia, Akinesia Cerebellum: Ataxia: intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, nystagmus

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