MSK principles/ TL Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the effect of orthogonal plate application on construct stiffness? * Bruyn, VCOT 2024.
A
Higher bending and torsional construct stiffness and lower strain over the primary plate in bending.
Orthogonal plate application involves using plates of different sizes (3.5 + 2.7) to enhance stability.
2
Q
How does working length (WL) affect construct stiffness? * Bruyn, VCOT 2024.
A
Decreased working length increases construct stiffness, while longer WL decreases stiffness.
The relationship between WL and construct stiffness is significant in both bending and torsion.
3
Q
What was the finding regarding plate-bone distance (PBD) in relation to construct stiffness? * Evans, VCOT 2023.
A
Plate bone distance had no effect on construct stiffness in bending but significantly decreased stiffness in torsion.
4
Q
What insertion angles and speeds were associated with the highest rate of transcortical fracture (TCF)? * Sadowitz, vet surg 2023.
A
Insertion at 10 degrees angle with slow speed (12%) and fast speed (17%).
A 4% fracture rate was noted at a 5-degree angle.
5
Q
What was concluded about double-loop cerclage compared to twist and single-loop cerclage? * Butare, vet surg 2022
A
Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: The ideal grip location with the lowest combination of bend angle/radius is _______ for 0.9 mm wires. * Gremley, Vet Surg 2023.
A
2.0 cm
7
Q
What is the biomechanical comparison between two screws versus three screws per fragment in locking plate constructs? * Palierene, VCOT 2022
A
Three-screw constructs were stiffer than two-screw constructs and cycled to failure quicker.
8
Q
True or False: Safe corridors for external skeletal fixator pin placement in felines are the same as in canines. * Prackova, JFMS 2022.
A
False
9
Q
What is the effect of off-axis insertion of locking screws on push out strength? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2022.
which plate system stronger at 0deg (LCP or Polyaxial)?
A
o cost of off-axis locking screws = significant reduction in screw holding strength
o 3.5 LCPs stronger than PLS if at 0deg
Off-axis insertion decreases push out strength for 3.5 LCP but increases push out force for 3.5 polyax at certain angles.
10
Q
What is the recommended screw size selection guideline for screw-hole defect size in feline femora? * Palierene, VCOT 2022.
A
Up to 33% of bone diameter as appropriate.
11
Q
What factors predispose to transcortical fracture development? * Sadowitz, vet surg 2023.
A
Increased screw insertion angle and insertion speed.
12
Q
What was found about the mechanical performance of polyaxial locking plates compared to locking compression plates? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2019.
A
PLS plates are approximately 30% weaker than LCP plates.
13
Q
What was the effect of working length on plate strain in comminuted fractures? * Wainberg, VCOT 2023.
A
Shorter working length decreases plate strain.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: Insertion of external skeletal fixation pins should be done _______ to the desired position for greater peak pullout strengths. * Park, VCOT 2022.
A
unidirectionally
15
Q
What can you do to avoid excessive plate strain in a comminuted fx? * Wainberg, VCOT 2023.
A
Decreasing working length or using orthogonal plates/rod.
16
Q
What is the relationship between the number of screws and the load prior to plastic deformation? * Palierene, VCOT 2022.
A
Two-screw constructs had a 24% decrease in load prior to plastic deformation compared to three-screw constructs.
17
Q
What is a significant finding regarding the insertion angle of screws for poly axial system vs LCP? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2022.
A
The 3.5 PLS is more sensitive to the screw insertion angle than the 3.5 LCP.
18
Q
What should be the bolt distribution recommendation for the I-Loc 3 nail? * Martuello, Vet surg 2021.
A
A 2:2 bolt distribution to avoid iatrogenic bolt fracture.
19
Q
What biomechanical elements were compared in the study?
A
Notched Head Locking T-Plate and Straight Locking Compression Plate
20
Q
In Bird 2020, which plate demonstrated greater stiffness (2.0 LCP w 2 screws or 2.0 notched Plate w 3 screws?
A
2.0LCP with two screws in short fragment
21
Q
What percentage of dogs and cats treated for atrophic/oligotrophic non-unions with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation healed? * Camilleti, JSAP 2023.
A
95% healed
This statistic is based on a study covering 19 cases from 2014 to 2021.
22
Q
In a study of 442 dogs, what percentage experienced delayed union, non-union, and mal-union? * Marshall, vet surg 2022.
A
- Delayed union: 14%
- Non-union: 5%
- Mal-union: 1%
These outcomes were reported by Marshall in 2022.
23
Q
What are the risk factors for delayed/non-union in dogs? * Marshall, vet surg 2022.
A
- Age
- Comminuted fractures
- Bone graft use (all types)
- Surgical site infection (SSI)
- Major implant failure
These factors were identified in a study of 442 dogs.
24
Q
True or False: Radius/ulna fractures in toy breed dogs have increased odds of delayed or non-union. * Marshall, vet surg 2022.
A
False
The study indicated that toy breed dogs were not at increased odds for these complications.
25
When is surgical treatment recommended for short radius syndrome? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.
For cases greater than 2–3 mm to reduce associated pain and lameness
## Footnote
Surgical intervention is aimed at improving the quality of life for affected dogs.
26
What might improve outcomes for smaller steps (2-3mm) in short radius syndrome treatment? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.
Bi-oblique dynamic proximal ostectomy
## Footnote
This technique may provide better results for smaller corrections.
27
What is required for larger steps (>3mm) in short radius syndrome treatment? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.
A larger ulnar ostectomy and secondary ulnar shortening
## Footnote
Larger corrections are more complex and require careful surgical planning.
28
What was the finding regarding the accuracy of caudocranial canine femoral radiographs compared to CT? * Clark, VCOT 2022.
Rads overestimated aLDFA by 1.8 degrees compared to CT
## Footnote
This indicates that radiographs should be used cautiously as a screening tool.
29
What is the recommended use for radiographs in measuring aLDFA? * Clark, VCOT 2022.
Best used as a screening tool for true aLDFA greater than 102 degrees
## Footnote
Reliance solely on radiographs for measurement is not advised.
30
What was the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy according to Hagen's study?
11% overall, with 28% associated with MRSP
## Footnote
MRSP refers to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
31
What protective factors against SSI were identified? * Hagen, VS 2020.
Postoperative antibiotics and timing of preoperative antibiotics
## Footnote
Proper antibiotic management is crucial in preventing infections.
32
What risk factor for surgical site infections and incidence of SSI was identified in Giannetto's study? * Giannetto, VCOT 2019.
Increased body weight
SSI = 2.3%
## Footnote
Heavier dogs may face higher risks during surgical procedures.
33
What was concluded about the use of postoperative wound dressings? * Giannetto, VCOT 2019.
No clear benefit in usage
## Footnote
This suggests that postoperative care may not require additional dressing in all cases.
34
humerus physeal closure prox vs distal and % contribution to growht
proximal physis = 80% growth; closure @ 12mo
distal physis = 20% growth; closure @ 6mo
35
radius physeal closure prox vs distal and % contribution to growht
proximal physis = ~40% growth; closure @ 8mo
distal physis = ~60% growth; closure @ 10mo
36
ulna physeal closure distal and % contribution to growht
distal physis = ~100% growth; closure @ 10mo
37
What are the three methods of tension band-wire (TBW) augmentation evaluated in Mckay's study?
Transpatellar, suprapatellar, combined tension band-wire augmentation.
## Footnote
These methods were used to augment patella tendon repairs in dogs.
38
Which TBW augmentation method was found to be superior in Mckay's study?
Combined transpatellar/suprapatellar TBW augmentation.
## Footnote
This method provided increased repair-site strength compared to transpatellar or suprapatellar groups alone.
39
What muscles are primarily affected by fibrotic myopathy in dogs? * Wilson, JAVMA 2023.
Gracilis and semitendinosus muscles.
## Footnote
These muscles are located in the caudal thigh region.
40
What are the treatment options for fibrotic myopathy in dogs? * Wilson, JAVMA 2023.
* Rest/NSAIDs
* Transection/resection of fibrotic band
* MSC injection
## Footnote
These treatment options aim to alleviate symptoms and improve mobility.
41
What additional component of the common calcaneal tendon (CCT) is found in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
Soleus muscle
42
What percentage of calcaneal tendon injuries in cats are atraumatic ? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
45%
43
What is the relationship between age and atraumatic injury in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
Increase in age = increase in odds of atraumatic injury
44
What are the most common types of calcaneal tendon tears in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
Gastrocnemius avulsions with intact SDF (atraumatic) and complete tear (traumatic)
45
What is the Meustege type classification for a complete tear of all parts of the CCT? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
Type I
46
Which Meustege type is the most common atraumatic calcaneal tendon injury? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
Type IIc (Gastrocnemius avulsions with intact SDF)
47
What was 1' related to complications for CCT repair in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023
Complications 1’ assoc w technique of tarsal joint immobilization
ESF frames =more complications
Complications: Transarticular ESF(57.1%) > calcaneotibial screw (33.3%)
48
What is the biomechanical superiority of the 4-loop pulley (4LP) pattern compared to the 3-loop pulley (3LP) pattern? * Obyrne. VCOT 2022.
The 4LP pattern requires a greater load to form both a 1 mm and 3 mm gap and has a greater load for failure
## Footnote
The 4LP suture pattern better resists gap formation and requires greater load prior to construct failure.
49
What are the unproven etiologies of hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.
* Canine distemper
* Vaccination
* Hereditary factors
* Auto-immune issues
## Footnote
These etiologies have not been conclusively proven.
50
What clinical signs and radiographic findings are associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.
* Lameness
* Lethargy
* Pyrexia
* Distal metaphyseal swelling
* 'Double physis' or radiolucent line parallel to the physis
## Footnote
These findings help in diagnosing the condition.
51
What is the recommended treatment for moderate to severe cases of hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.
Steroids (0.75 mg/kg pred PO BID) should strongly be considered over NSAIDs
## Footnote
Steroids are preferred for managing inflammation and pain in these cases.
52
What are the anatomical features of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in dogs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.
* Medial/lateral retinacular attachments to the tuber calcanei
* Presence of a synovial bursa deep to the tendon on the tuber calcanei
## Footnote
These structures play a critical role in the function and stability of the SDFT.
53
What causes luxation of the superficial digital flexor tendon? and which side is more common? * Goh, JSAP 2022.
Rupture of the medial or lateral retinacular insertion of the SDFT on the tuber calcanei
lateral more common
## Footnote
Luxation occurs more frequently in lateral directions compared to medial.
54
What is the treatment of choice for superficial digital flexor tendon luxation in dogs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.
Surgical reconstruction of the torn retinacular attachment of the SDFT
## Footnote
This intervention aims to restore stability and function.
55
What factors are associated with an increased risk of surgical failure in SDFT luxation repairs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.
* Using absorbable suture (60% increased risk)
* Non-rigid immobilization (57% failure)
* Rigid immobilization (19% failure)
## Footnote
The type of suture and immobilization technique significantly affect surgical outcomes.
56
What is the success rate of surgical management for superficial digital flexor tendon luxation? * Goh, JSAP 2022.
75% success rate
## Footnote
Re-luxation occurs in 15% of cases, and lameness is noted in 13%.
57
How does a continuous epitendinous suture affect tendon repair in a canine model? * Putterman, VS 2019.
It eliminates gapping between tendon ends until failure and increases resistance to loads compared to no epitendinous suture
## Footnote
This suture technique enhances the stability of tendon repairs.
58
Which suture pattern is better at preventing gap formation in tendon repairs? * Putterman, VS 2019.
3-loop pulley (3LP) pattern is better than locking-loop (LL) when used alone
## Footnote
This finding emphasizes the importance of suture pattern selection in tendon repairs.
59
List the methods of stabilization used for supraglenoid tubercle fractures in the Kulendra study.
* Pin/TBW (5)
* Lag screw (2)
* Plate fixation (2)
* Fragment removal (2)
* Conservative management (1)
60
What was the angle of arthrodesis in dogs undergoing shoulder arthrodesis in the Phipps 2023 study?
110-120 degrees
61
What percentage of full recovery was reported in the Phipps study on shoulder arthrodesis w 2 LCP?
91%
62
True or False: Surgery is the first treatment option for bicipital tenosynovitis if the biceps tendon is healthy.
False
63
What is the recommended first approach for biceps tendon tears between 20% and 75%? Lane 2023
Conservative management first
64
What should be avoided when comfort allows according to the Lane study?
NSAIDs
65
Fill in the blank: Intra-articular corticosteroids are contraindicated if the treatment goal is _______. Lane 2023
tissue repair
66
What is the prevalence of contralateral intracondylar fissure in French Bulldogs according to Olivia 2024?
40%
67
What is the reported complication rate for humeral condylar fractures in the Olivia study?
13%
68
What combination generates significantly greater interfragmentary compression according to Fuchter 2023?
Fragment forceps + cortical screw inserted as a lag screw
69
What percentage of humeral condylar fractures (HCF) in French Bulldogs are lateral? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.
64%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the prevalence of lateral HCF in this breed.
70
What is the complication rate for humeral condylar fractures in French Bulldogs? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.
40%
## Footnote
The majority of these complications are major, particularly related to transcondylar screw migration.
71
What is the likelihood of a major complication when using a transcondylar screw and kwire? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.
7.62x more likely
## Footnote
This statistic emphasizes the increased risk associated with this fixation method.
72
What percentage of cases show contralateral humeral intracondylar fissures (HIF) in French Bulldogs? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.
58%
## Footnote
This statistic indicates a significant occurrence of contralateral HIF in this breed.
73
In the study by Condon, what percentage of humeral condylar fractures were classified as lateral?
69%
## Footnote
This further supports the trend of lateral HCF being the most common.
74
What was the overall complication rate found in Condon's study?
22%
## Footnote
The fixation method did not significantly impact the complication rate.
75
What type of fracture increases the risk for complications, especially with lateral HCF? Condon, VCOT 2023.
Comminuted fracture
## Footnote
Comminuted fractures are associated with a higher risk of complications.
76
What common CT findings are associated with humeral condylar fractures in French Bulldogs according to Davenport's study?
Humeral intracondylar fissures and intracondylar sclerosis
## Footnote
These findings are prevalent in the limb contralateral to the fracture.
77
What is the prevalence of contralateral HIF in French Bulldogs and spaniels? Davenport 2023
Frenchies = 44%, Spaniels = 58%
## Footnote
This statistic shows the comparative prevalence between breeds.
78
What was the major complication rate in Danielski's study regarding oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy for HIF?
8%
## Footnote
This is primarily due to the lack of healing of HIF.
79
What is the healing rate observed for humeral intracondylar fissures after treatment with oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy? * Danielski, VS 2023.
80%
## Footnote
This indicates a significant success rate for this treatment method.
80
What complication rate was reported in Low's study for transcondylar screw placement (med to lateral)?
18%
## Footnote
This is an improvement from previous rates of 35-69%.
81
According to Carwardine's study, what were the complication rates for medial versus lateral screw placement?
Medial = 19%, Lateral = 62%
## Footnote
This suggests that medial placement reduces the risk of complications.
82
What is the prevalence of presumed concurrent medial coronoid process fractures in dogs with humeral condylar fractures? what was associated with it? * Pierrot. JAVMA 2023.
46%
inc w/ comminution and inc body weight
## Footnote
This statistic highlights a significant association between these two types of fractures.
83
What is the prevalence of incidental humeral intracondylar fissures in French Bulldogs according to Franklin's study?
12%
## Footnote
This indicates a notable occurrence of HIF in this breed.
84
What percentage of dogs with humeral condylar fractures (in spaniels) also have concurrent MCP disease? Danielski, VS 2023.
23.5%
## Footnote
This highlights the prevalence of MCP disease in this context.
85
What is the medial & lateral entry/exit point for transcondylar screw placement in the feline humeral condyle? Simpson. JFMS 2022.
0.38 × HCD cranial and 0.16 × HCD distal to the medial epicondyle
0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.16 × HCD distal to the lateral epicondyle
## Footnote
HCD stands for Humeral Condylar Diameter.
86
Which direction should you drill for feline transcondylar screw placement and why ?Simpson. JFMS 2022.
drill lateral to medial
Higher tolerance angles and decreased likelihood of joint damage.
87
What was the excellent outcome rate for epicondylar plate fixation of humeral condylar fractures in immature French bulldogs? Kvale. JSAP 2022.
77%
88
What percentage of cases experienced complications during the epicondylar plate fixation study? Kvale. JSAP 2022.
13%
89
What was the mean transcondylar screw diameter as a percentage of the isthmus of the humeral condyle? Kvale. JSAP 2022.
36%
90
What was identified in all elbows of spaniel breed dogs with humeral intracondylar fissure? Danielski. Vet surg 2022.
Humero-anconeal incongruity
## Footnote
This was associated with the absence of joint space at the point of contact between the tip of the anconeal process and the cartilage lesion.
91
What novel arthroscopic portal was mentioned in the study of humero-anconeal elbow incongruity? Danielski. Vet surg 2022.
Caudo-medial arthroscope portal.
92
What was the expected outcome of joint disease over time in dogs treated by surgical debridement of proximal humeral osteochondrosis? Zann. Vet surg 2022
Progression of joint disease over time should be expected.
93
What was noted about the lesions in dogs treated for proximal humeral osteochondrosis? Zann. Vet surg 2022
All lesions = patchy, incomplete cartilaginous infilling.
94
What is the incidence of medial epicondylar fissure fracture as a complication of transcondylar screw placement? Jenkins. Vet surg 2022.
11.4%
95
What is recommended regarding the diameter of transcondylar screws to avoid medial epicondylar fissure fractures? Jenkins. Vet surg 2022.
Placing screws with a diameter < 41% of height of the condyle.
96
Mech properties were improved when the transcondylar osteotomy was stabilized with a 4.5 mm positional or lag screw? Crehuet, VS 2021
positional screw
## Footnote
This was in comparison to stabilization with a lag screw.
97
What percentage of complications were reported following fluoroscopically guided transcondylar screw placement? Carwardine, JSAP 2021.
45%
## Footnote
Increased complications were associated with increased weight.
98
What percentage of cases required revision surgery after transcondylar screw placement? Carwardine, JSAP 2021.
15%
## Footnote
This reflects the need for additional surgical intervention.
99
What percentage of dogs showed evidence of humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) in the study of fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle? * Eayrs, VCOT 2021.
96%
## Footnote
This was associated with incomplete/nonunion of intracondylar fractures in 77%.
100
What was the complication rate reported for the repair of fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle? * Eayrs, VCOT 2021.
10%
## Footnote
This indicates a relatively low complication rate.
101
Which breed is predisposed to medial humeral condylar fractures (HCF) according to the study? * Villamil, VS 2020.
French Bulldogs
## Footnote
They have a 6.5x increased risk for medial HCF.
102
What fixation method is recommended to reduce complications in humeral condylar fractures? * Villamil, VS 2020.
Epicondylar plate fixation
## Footnote
This is preferred over other epicondylar fixation methods.
103
What percentage of complications were related to implant-related issues in the study of epicondylar fixation methods and which method had the most complications? * Villamil, VS 2020.
30% overall; 1' d/t Kwire
## Footnote
K-wires had a complication rate of 32% and plates had a complication rate of 6%.
104
What type of external skeletal fixation was used in the management of traumatic elbow luxation in cats? * Jiffccovici, JFMS 2024
Temporary transarticular type II ESF
## Footnote
This fixation was removed 2 weeks post-operation.
105
What condition was observed in all cats with medial elbow luxation? * Jiffccovici, JFMS 2024
Medial humeral epicondylitis
## Footnote
This suggests a common complication associated with this type of luxation.
106
In cats, which ligaments needed to be transected to induce an elbow luxation? * Jiffccovici, JFMS 2024
Both MCL and LCL
## Footnote
MCL stands for medial collateral ligament, and LCL stands for lateral collateral ligament.
107
What was the significant risk factor for complications following bi-oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy in dogs, according to Danielski, JAVMA 2023?
Lower body weight and increasing age
## Footnote
Complications occurred in 42% of cases, with lighter and older dogs more likely to develop them.
108
What complication was commonly observed in dogs after bi-oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy? Danielski, JAVMA 2023
Nonunion
## Footnote
This complication was prevalent among the affected dogs.
109
What percentage of complications was reported after proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy in dogs by Danielski, VS 2022?
25%
## Footnote
This indicates a notable risk associated with the procedure.
110
What factors were associated with an increased risk of complications in dogs undergoing proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy? Danielski, VS 2022
Body weight
## Footnote
Heavier dogs showed a higher risk of encountering complications.
111
What were the major complications reported after proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy? Danielski, VS 2022?
Mechanical failure or nonunion
## Footnote
These issues represent significant risks of the surgical procedure.
112
What computed tomographic feature was found in 38% of non-lame French Bulldog elbows? * Mella, VCOT 2022
Intracondylar sclerosis
## Footnote
This finding was noted despite the absence of humeral intercondylar fractures (HIF).
113
What percentage of non-lame French Bulldogs exhibited MCP disease? * Mella, VCOT 2022
21%
## Footnote
MCP disease refers to metacarpophalangeal joint disease.
114
What common finding was noted in the radial incisure of non-lame French Bulldogs? * Mella, VCOT 2022
Widening of the radial incisure
## Footnote
This feature was frequently observed in the studied population.
115
What association was found with increasing age on outcomes after scope vs PAUL in the study by Coghill et al.?
Increased pain index and NSAID use
## Footnote
Older dogs had higher pain levels and required more NSAIDs.
116
What did Dempsey's study conclude about arthroscopic intervention for dogs with MCPD?
No long-term benefit over conservative management
## Footnote
Best prognosis is early surgical treatment in young dogs with MCPD, minimal/mild OA, and rehabilitation.
117
What is the best prognosis for dogs with MCPD according to Dempsey's findings?
Early surgical treatment in young dogs with minimal/mild OA
## Footnote
Includes rehabilitation and preventative measures against OA.
118
What should be considered a major differential diagnosis in middle-aged, large breed dogs with acute lameness? * Mielke, VCOT 2018.
Septic arthritis
## Footnote
Even in the absence of pyrexia, septic arthritis is a significant concern, especially with pre-existing elbow arthritis.
119
What percentage of cases had pre-existing osteoarthritis in Mielke's study on septic arthritis?
93%
## Footnote
The majority of cases involved dogs with pre-existing elbow osteoarthritis.
120
What was the positive culture rate for septic arthritis cases in Mielke's study?
57%
## Footnote
Indicates that more than half of the cases had a positive culture for infection.
121
What was the recurrence rate of septic arthritis in the cases studied by Mielke?
25%
## Footnote
A significant proportion of dogs experienced a recurrence of septic arthritis.
122
What effect does induced radioulnar synostosis have on antebrachial rotation in cats? * Senn, vet surg 2024
Decreases antebrachial rotation by >2/3 regardless of location
## Footnote
This conclusion is based on a cadaveric study.
123
What should be avoided in cats regarding radioulnar synostosis? * Senn, vet surg 2024
Implants fixating the radius to the ulna
## Footnote
This recommendation comes from research on the effects of simulated radioulnar synostosis.
124
What is the biphasic change in implant-induced osteoporosis observed in toy breed dogs? * Muroi, VCOT 2021.
8 to 12 weeks due to impaired periosteal blood flow and 24 to 36 weeks due to reduced mechanical stress
## Footnote
This information is based on a retrospective study of radial–ulnar fractures treated with plate fixation.
125
What age group showed an early postoperative recovery of bone mineral area density? * Muroi, VCOT 2021.
Patients < 6 months
## Footnote
Age at the time of injury affects implant-induced osteoporosis more than the fixation procedure.
126
What surgical intervention can contribute to the recovery of bone mineral area density? * Muroi, VCOT 2021.
Screw and plate removal
## Footnote
Stepwise removal of all screws and plates is more effective.
127
What are the advantages of free-form type II external skeletal fixation in dogs? * Aikawa, Vet surg 2019
Pin direction not influenced by the connecting bar location, pin diameter not influenced by the clamp size, pins can be placed in any plane/angle/configuration
## Footnote
This is based on clinical outcomes of miniature- and toy-breed dogs with distal radial and ulnar fractures.
128
What percentage of complications occurred in the use of free-form multiplanar type II ESF for R/U fx in toy breeds? * Aikawa, Vet surg 2019
Minor complications = 37%, major complications = 3%
## Footnote
These statistics show the relative safety of this fixation method.
129
What was the excellent outcome rate reported in the study of open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation? * Parent, JAVMA 2017.
96%
## Footnote
This was based on a study involving 102 cases between 2008 and 2015.
130
What percentage of cases required revision surgery due to lateral radial head subluxation after a proximal ulnar osteotomy? * Williams, VCOT 2019.
62%
## Footnote
This complication followed proximal ulnar osteotomy or ostectomy in dogs.
131
What was the resolution rate for lateral radial head subluxation as a complication of proximal ulnar osteotomy? Willams 2019
57%
## Footnote
One dog from the cases studied required amputation.
132
What were the recc treatment options for carpal flexural contracture deformity? Petazzoni, JAVMA 2021.
Conservative management (rest alone or rest and bandaging)
133
How did bandaging affect the recovery time for severely affected dogs with carpal flexural contracture ? Petazzoni, JAVMA 2021.
Resulted in a shorter time to recovery
