MT

Question 1

Global Paradox

Answer 1

Human health and wellbeing and plantery health trend in opposite directions

Question 2

Planetary boundaries (9)

Answer 2

Metrics developed to moniter te critical thresholds of the Earth through these boundaries

Question 3

Antrhopocene

Answer 3

a term used to describe the current period in Earth’s history when humans have had a significant impact on the planet

Era of significant on Earths environment

Question 4

What is Planetary Health

Answer 4

“Health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends” (Jacobsen, 2022)

Broader than Global health, cares about how human actions affect the planet, and how planetary changes affect human health

Question 5

Defining Features of the SDGs

Answer 5

Align with a planetary perspective on health.
Foci: social determinants of health, poverty, and sustainability.
Address the health of persons of all ages.
Target health risks of all countries.

Question 6

What are Determinants of Health

Answer 6

The biological, behavioral, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations”
(Jacobsen, 2024, p. 4).

Question 7

Global Health

Answer 7

“Issues that directly or indirectly affect health, but that can transcend national boundaries” (Astle, 2024)

Question 8

Global warming

Answer 8

Gradual increase in the temp of earths atmospher due to increase emiisions in the atmospher

Question 9

Global health partnerships have tended to focus on __________ without adequately considering *

Answer 9

human health

the dependency of human health on ecosystem health**

Question 10

Climate Change

Answer 10

Any significant change in the measure of climate lasting for an extended period of time – changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns that occur over several decades or longer.
Involves changes in average conditions + changes in variability (i.e., extreme events)

Question 11

GLobal Warming

Answer 11

Recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth’s surface due to rising concentrations of greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere
Focus needs to be on reducing global carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels burning

Question 12

Sao Paulo Decleration

Answer 12

, a just transformation to a world that optimizes the health & well-being of all people and the planet.

Every person, in every place, from every calling, has a role to play in safeguarding the health of the planet and people for future generations

Question 13

The great acceleration

Answer 13

Consumption patterns have skyrocrocketed after 1950

Population growth has increased exponentially

These two factors have accelerated hyman impacts on natural systems

Question 14

What is the triple threat

Answer 14

Pollution
Climate Change
Biodiversity Loss

Question 15

• What does action within the “Anthropocene and Health” domain of the Planetary Health Education Framework (PHEF) look like?

Answer 15

• Understanding of how specific anthropogenic impacts on Earth’s natural systems are connected to health outcomes.

Uses a social and ecological approach to health promotion and disease prevention and control, ranging from individual to population-level determinants of human, animal, and ecosystem health.

Question 16

• What do the determinants of planetary health from an Indigenous consensus perspective focus on (what are the three interconnected levels)?

Answer 16

Mother Earth-level determinants
- Ancesteral legal personhood designation

Interconnecting-level determinants
- Governance and law

Indigenous peoples-level determinants
- I.e. Indigenous peoples health

Question 17

Environmental racism

Answer 17

a form of systemic racism related to racial discrimination in policymaking. It includes the enforcement of laws and regulations and actions such as the deliberate siting of toxic waste facilities in predominantly racialized communities, the official sanctioning of the life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in certain communities, and the historical exclusion of racialized people from positions of leadership in the environmental movement.

Question 18

• Recognize impacts of climate change on health.

Answer 18

Severe Weather
Air Pollution
Changes in Vector Ecology
Increasing Allergies
Water Quality Impacts
Water and Food Supply Impacts
Environmental Degradation
Extreme Heat

Question 19

Ecological grief/anxiety

Answer 19

Ecological grief: Grief over the loss of ecosystems, species, or landscapes
Ecological anxiety: Anxiety about current losses or future environmental change

Question 20

Triple threat primarily driven by

Answer 20

human activities like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation

Question 21

Governance

Answer 21

The actions and means adopted by a society to organize itself in the promotion and protection of its population

Question 22

Top ten risk factors for global burden of dx

Answer 22

Top ten

high blood pressure, smoking, low birthweight and short gestation, high fasting plasma glucose, high body mass index, ambient particulate matter, alcohol use, high total cholesterol, child growth failure, and household air pollution

Question 23

• What does a health and human rights approach to global health require?

Answer 23

Health is
Universal and inalieable, therfore all are equallly entitled to it, and it should not be taken away except under very specific circumstances

One set of rights cannot be fully enjoyed without others being met

Rights are equal and non discriminatory

Obligation to upholc fot others

Question 24

• Generally, what are leading causes of GBD and death in high-income countries (HICs) compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)?

Answer 24

In high-income countries (HICs), non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death, while in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), communicable diseases are still a leading cause.

Question 25

* Globally, which two conditions are among the top causes of death?

Answer 25

ischemic heart disease and stroke

Question 26

YLL

Answer 26

Years of Life Lost Used to quantify population-level reductions in health status due to premature mortality. E.g., if a goal is for everyone in a population to live at least 75 years, dying at 70 would contribute 5 YLLs to the population total.

Question 27

YLD

Answer 27

Years lived with disability Used to quantify the population-level reductions in health status attributable to nonfatal conditions (where disability is any short- or long-term reduction in health status). The total # of YLDs from a health problem in a population = how much disability (reduction in function) the condition causes, how often the condition occurs, and how long the condition typically persists.

Question 28

DALYs

Answer 28

Disability adjusted life year The sum of years of life lost (YLLs) to premature death and years lived with disability (YLDs) in a population. Summarizes the total burden of disease in a population from deaths before old age and from nonfatal causes. Years of life lost to premature mortality and years lived with a disability

Question 29

Article 25 UDHR

Answer 29

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Question 30

Three levels of prevention for health intervention

Answer 30

Primary prevention – intervening before health effects occur Secondary prevention – screening to identify disease before the onset of signs and symptoms Tertiary prevention – managing disease post diagnosis or stopping disease progression

Question 31

Canadas health care system model

Answer 31

Universal health Coverage

Question 32

Universal health coverage (UHC)

Answer 32

is a population-level status achieved when everyone in a country has access to high-quality health services UHC does not require full provision of all possible services, but it does require equitable coverage of high-priority services

Question 33

* Recognize the difference between public (government) versus private (out-of-pocket). expenditures when it comes to HICs and LMICs.

Answer 33

In most low-income countries, some basic clinical services are financed by domestic governments and international donors, but other health conditions require families to pay OOP In most middle-income countries, governments pay for a portion of medical care costs, but the remaining money spent on health is expended in the form of OOP Most high-income countries have a government-sponsored healthcare system that is paid for through taxes (or other compulsory contributions) and minimizes OOP

Question 34

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified six core building blocks of health systems

Answer 34

The provision of personal and population-based healthcare services A well-trained health workforce A strong health information system (enabling evidence-informed decision-making) Access to essential medicines, medical devices, vaccines, and other health technologies A health financing system that enables everyone to access affordable services when they are needed while providing incentives to limit overuse of services Effective oversight of the system (ensuring safety, efficiency, and accountability)

Question 35

7 Key health sector issues

Answer 35

A) Epidemiologic and demographic change B) Stewardship/ Governance C) Human Resource Issues D) Quality of Care E) Financing of Health Systems F) Financial Protection and Universal Coverage G) Access and Equity

Question 36

Environmental risk factors for GBD

Answer 36

nutritional issues, lack of safe water and sanitation, indoor and ambient air pollution, to tobacco smoking

Question 37

The great transition

Answer 37

a just transformation to a world that optimizes the health & well-being of all people and the planet. it is: “Emerging” Scientific field Social Movement Rooted in Indigenous Ways of Knowing Global Transdisciplinary & Upstream

Question 38

* Why do climate change-related disasters highlight inequities in countries?

Answer 38

because the poorest and most marginalized communities are disproportionately affected due to factors like limited access to resources, residing in high-risk areas, lack of infrastructure to cope with disasters, and inadequate government support, meaning they suffer the most severe consequences while contributing the least to the climate crisis; essentially, existing social inequalities are amplified by the impacts of climate change