Wk 5

Question 1

Be able to compare general trends and patterns of GBD bw High and low countires for MT

Answer 1

i.e.

Are communicable dx more common in lower or higher countires

Are non communicable more common in higher or lower income

Question 2

All metrics are high for CVD in high income countires in regards to SDI

Answer 2

True

Question 3

YLL

Answer 3

years of life lost

new born who dies in country with an average life of 87 = 87 YLL

Question 4

Be able to calculate a DALY for MT

Answer 4

Disability adjusted Life Year

Severe Depressive Disorder 0.658
Metastatic cancer 0.451

If someone lived 10 years with depression, it would be 10x0.658 = 6.58 years lived with disability

DALYs = YLL + YLD

Question 5

Correlation bw income and life lived

Answer 5

Positive

Question 6

What is a health system

Answer 6

includes all the people, facilities, products, resources, and organizational structures that deliver health services to a population

the combination of resources, organization, and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the population

Public, private, for profit or not for profit

Question 7

General parts making up a health system

Answer 7

Agencies that plan, fund, and regulate health care
The money that finances health care
Those who provide preventive health services
Those who provide clinical services
Those who provide rehabilitative services
Those who provide specialized inputs into health care, such as the education of healthcare professionals and the production of drugs and medical devices

Question 8

entrepreneurial or market-driven model health system model

Answer 8

typically requires households to pay for services at the time of care; those who cannot pay are denied care
This model is used in most low- and middle-income countries

Most are aiming/working towards universal coverage

Question 9

cost-sharing insurance fund model Health system model

Answer 9

typically requires all workers and employers to contribute to nonprofit “sickness funds” or social health insurance funds that are heavily regulated by the government and cover all residents
The “private” funding in this multi-payer system is mandatory

Services generally delivered by private providers (Germany, Japan, Switzerland)

Question 10

A national health insurance system

Answer 10

is a single-payer system that is fully funded through taxes but delivers services through private providers at private facilities
This model is used in countries such as Canada, South Korea, and Taiwan

Question 11

A comprehensive or socialized medicine model

Answer 11

a single-payer national health system that is paid for with taxes and is publicly managed
Under this model, most healthcare facilities are owned and operated by the government and healthcare workers are often government employees

Question 12

How are halth services organized

Answer 12

National Health Service
National Health insurance
Pluralistic System

Question 13

National Health Service

Answer 13

systems organized around the government being the sole payer for health care outside of a small private health sector. All healthcare providers are state employees (i.e., England)

Question 14

National Health insurance

Answer 14

health insurance for all people for an agreed upon package of services (i.e., Canada, France, Germany)

Question 15

Pluralistic System

Answer 15

public, private for-profit and private non-profit sectors play important roles (i.e., US, India)

Question 16

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified six core building blocks of health systems

Answer 16

The provision of personal and population-based healthcare services

A well-trained health workforce

A strong health information system (enabling evidence-informed decision-making)

Access to essential medicines, medical devices, vaccines, and other health technologies

A health financing system that enables everyone to access affordable services when they are needed while providing incentives to limit overuse of services

Effective oversight of the system (ensuring safety, efficiency, and accountability)

Question 17

Functions of a Health System

Answer 17

Provide
Raise money to be spent on health
Pay for health service
Govern and regulate

Question 18

Highest quality health system is

Answer 18

equitable, resilient, and efficient

Question 19

Universal health coverage (UHC)

Answer 19

is a population-level status achieved when everyone in a country has access to high-quality health services

Question 20

Does UHC provide all services fully covered?

Answer 20

No UHC does not require full provision of all possible services, but it does require equitable coverage of high-priority services

Question 21

What is meant by the Non-Profit Organization (NPO)

Answer 21

Smaller goroup of peopel getting to getehr for social purpose

Charities, clubs, societies, churchs, alumni society

Operate at local and national level

Working together for social purpose

Don’t make any money for their work

Question 22

Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)?

Answer 22

Independent from the government

Often support global causes, operate more so at international level

Red Cross, Global Vision Canada, Doctors without borders

Can be supported by governments

Question 23

Public health expenses

Answer 23

relate to shared activities that protect a community, a nation, or the global population at large

Question 24

Spending on health worldwide

Answer 24

Almost 10% GDP

Question 25

Global Health Financing

Answer 25

There is less diversity in which entities pay for public health functions Most public health activities in higher-income countries are funded by taxes

Question 26

Financing

Answer 26

is the provision of money for an activity and the management of that investment

Question 27

Out of pocket payments

Answer 27

are cash disbursements made by patients and their families in order to receive health services In most low-income countries, some basic clinical services are financed by domestic governments and international donors, but other health conditions require families to pay OOP

Question 28

Difference bw Canada and USA public insurance funding

Answer 28

Canada has well developed public insurance funding America does not

Question 29

Insurance

Answer 29

Insurance is a risk management strategy that protects purchasers against major financial losses

Question 30

Pooled Risk

Answer 30

Pooled risk assumes that if many low-risk people and a few high-risk people pay premiums to an insurance system over many years, there will be a pot of money that can be used to pay for major illnesses and injuries when they occur

Question 31

Role of public NGO sector

Answer 31

Public: responsible for stewardship of the system Governance Fiscal allocation Funding and managing key public health functions (ie disease surveillance, food/ drug regulation) Contracting out or owning and operating key public health facilities

Question 32

Paying for Global Health Interventions

Answer 32

International and global public health activities are funded by a combination of grants from one country to another, grants and loans from intergovernmental agencies, and other sources

Question 33

Why do High income countries donate to low income

Answer 33

For the governments of high-income countries, health funding for lower-income countries is often part of foreign policy strategies for building trade alliances and protecting homeland security

Question 34

Why would large corps participate in global health interventions

Answer 34

Large corporations may use global health work to cultivate customer loyalty in new markets, take advantage of tax breaks, and foster a shared sense of purpose among employees

Question 35

A foundation

Answer 35

is a charitable trust that gives grants to other nonprofit organizations

Question 36

endowment

Answer 36

is a large donation made to a nonprofit organization so that the funds can be invested and the interest from the investments can be used to support the operation of the charity

Answer 37

US agencies NPOs UN agencies GLobal fund World Bank HIV aids programs

Question 38

corporate social responsibility plam

Answer 38

spells out the positive social and environmental actions a company voluntarily supports

Question 39

Systms hthinking

Answer 39

A way of thinking abt the world focused on a holistic aprroach to complex problems Doesn't break things down, but focused on how parts influence each other, and how small changes can influence the whole

Question 40

Health systems strengthening

Answer 40

is defined as improving these six health system building blocks and managing their interactions

Question 41

4 goals of healt hsystem strgthening

Answer 41

Improved health responsiveness Social and financial rasika protection Improved efficiency

Question 42

Building blocks of the health system

Answer 42

Governance Finances Human resources Service delivery Medicines and technology Information

Question 43

Key Health Sector Issues

Answer 43

A)Epidemiologic and demographic change People living longer Higher burdens of non-communicable disease Chronic Higher costs B) Stewardship/ Governance High-income countries: Open and transparent Clear rules and regulations for management Enforceable regulations Little overt corruption Low- and Middle-income countries: Weak governance Unable to enforce rules and regulations Inability of the health sector to oversee private healthcare Human Resource issues Quality of Care Financing of Health Systems Financial Protection and universal coverage

Question 44

Brain drain in lower income countries

Answer 44

Qualified medical personal are underpaid and understrained in lower income countires, therefore, those that aquire medical training often move to higher income countires Access and quality