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Intro to Pharmacology > MT1 - Review - Important Concepts > Flashcards

MT1 - Review - Important Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacology is derived from what two words?

What do they mean?

A

Pharmakon - magical substance, treatment or poison

logos - word, discourse, or bodies of knowledge

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2
Q

Provide the biological functioning classification of drugs.

A

1 - Drugs with selective toxicity (penicillin)
2 - Drugs used to replace inadequacies or naturally occuring substances (insulin)
3 - Drugs that change regulation (birth control)
4 - Drugs that alter mood or behaviour (alcohol)

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3
Q

Provide the clinical purpose classification of drugs.

A

1 - Curing illnesses (penicillin)
2 - Preventing diseases (vaccine)
3 - Improving health/quality of life (sleeping pills)

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4
Q

What are common routes of administration?

A

Oral ingestion, injection

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5
Q

What are the factors to consider when choosing a route of administration?

A 
Molecular properties of the drug
Physiological nature of the route
Patient compliance
Onset of action
Condition being treated
Systemic or local effect
Metabolism
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6
Q

What are the different parenteral routes of administration?

A

IV - to vein
IM - to muscle
SC - to fat or CT
IO - to bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the other administration routes?

A

Sublingual, transdermal, rectal, topical, pulmonary

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8
Q

Dosage forms of enteral administration

A

Tablet, capsule, elixir, solution, syrup

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9
Q

Advantages of enteral administration

A

safest
most convenient
most economical

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10
Q

Disadvantages of enteral administration

A

Limited absorption for lipid soluble drugs
Certain drugs cause emesis (irritation)
Destruction of the drug due to low pH, food or other drugs

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11
Q

What is the dosage form of parenteral administration?

A

injections

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12
Q

Advantages of parenteral administration

A

Rapid, extensive and predictable
Effective dose can be delivered efficiently during emergency
Drug delivered in active form

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13
Q

Disadvantages of parenteral route

A

Pain
Asepsis must be maintained
Training required

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14
Q

Dosage form of sublingual

A

Orodisperable or orally disintegrating tablets

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15
Q

Transdermal dosage form

A

Cream, past, controlled-release patches

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16
Q

Rectal dosage form

A

Suppository

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17
Q

Pulmonary dosage form

A

Volatile liquids, aerosols, gases

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18
Q

Difference between topical and transdermal?

A

Topical - local - site of administration is the site of action

Transdermal - systemic - site of administration is not the site of action

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19
Q

Provide the route of administration and effective time in order of increasing time

A

IV, IO > endotracheal, inhalation > sublingual > IM > SC > rectal > ingestion > [transdermal] (Variable)

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20
Q

Factors affecting the strength of an acid

A

Any factor stabilizing the conjugate base will make a stronger acid:

  • resonance and induction stabilization
  • reduction of electron density on the atom
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21
Q

Factors affecting the strength of a base

A

Availability of lone pair electrons

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22
Q

Improving the formulation of a biological compound that dissolves poorly can be accomplished by?

A
  • create/form a salt
  • decrease particle size
  • find and use a better solvent
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23
Q

What are the immiscible solvents used to determine the P-value?
What phases do they represent?

A

water - aqueous phase

n-octanol - organic phase

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24
Q

What is Lipinski’s rule of 5?

Study These Flashcards
A 
For all orally administered drugs:
- No more than 5 hydrogen bond donors
- No more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors
- MW less than 500 Da
- log P less than 5
(no more than 7 rotatable bonds)
25
Isomers will differ from one another in what way?
Potency, duration, side effects/desirable effects
26
What are the different causes of non-compliance?
``` Frequency/time of administration multiple drugs age Patient conditions ease of administration ```
27
What routes/rates is pharmacokinetics concerned with?
Route of administration Rate and extent of absorption Rate of distribution (particularly to site of action) Rate of elimination
28
Absorption is not needed for what route of administration?
IV
29
What are the different capillary types?
Continuous Fenestrated Discontinuous/sinusoid
30
Where are continuous capillaries located?
NS, Muscle, Fat
31
Where are continuous capillaries with many transport vesicles located?
Finger, gonad, skeletal muscle, skin
32
Where are continuous capillaries with few vesicles located?
CNS - part of the BBB
33
What is the route of administration for continuous capillaries with many transport vesicles?
IM, topical
34
What is the route of administration for continuous capillaries with few transport vesicles?
epidural lumbar injection
35
What is the location of fenestrated capillaries?
Intestinal villi, pancreas, endocrine gland, kidney glomeruli
36
What is the route of administration for fenestrated capillaries?
Enteral
37
What is the administration route for discontinuous capillaries?
intraosseus injection
38
What is the administration route for discontinuous capillaries?
intraosseus injection
39
What types of drugs use active transport?
Drugs that have similar structures to cellular metabolites
40
What types of drugs use ion-pair transport?
Drugs as organic anions or cations
41
What types of drugs use vesicle formations?
Hormone-related drugs
42
Compare passive and active transport
Passive - No ATP hydrolysis - Follows Fick's Law Active - ATP hydrolysis - Against concentration gradient - Requires carrier/transporter
43
Factors affecting drug absorption
``` Drug properties: - pKa - P-value Other factors: - blood flow - surface area - contact time ```
44
Factors affecting enteral absorption
Presence of food, other drugs | Plasma protein binding
45
What are the excreting organs related to reabsorption?
Kidney, mammary gland, LI, gallbladder
46
What are the two factors of distribution?
Perfusion | Permeability
47
Describe interactions of drugs with plasma proteins
Reversible intermolecular interactions Surface High capacity, low affinity
48
What are the factors that affect drug distribition
``` Human Body: - Blood perfusion - membrane permeability - Biomolecules Drug properties: - pKa - P-value -affinity for macromolecules/serum proteins ```
49
Drugs falling under pattern 1 of drug distribution are located where?
In the blood
50
Drugs falling under pattern 2 of drug distribution are located where?
Total body of water
51
Drugs falling under pattern 3 of drug distribution are located where?
Specific organs or tissues
52
Drugs falling under pattern 4 of drug distribution are located where?
Various organs
53
Describe type one drugs.
Large drugs - high MW - highly charged - high affinity for plasma proteins
54
Describe type two drugs
Small drugs with low MW | follow the distribution of water molecules
55
Describe type 3 drugs
Drugs with affinity for special proteins/biomolecules of a specific organs
56
Describe type 4 drugs
Combination of patterns 1 and 2 Most drug's distribution pattern Non-uniformly distribute through the body's compartments
57
Describe the rule of 60:40:20
``` 60% - Total body water 40% - intracellular fluid 20% - extracelluar fluid 16% - interstitial fluid 4% - plasma ```
58
The rate of distribution is determined by what factors?
Perfusion | permeability
59
The extent of distribution is determined by what factors?
pH-pKa P-value Plasma protein binding intracellular binding

Intro to Pharmacology (23 decks)

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