Unit 1 - Pharmaceutical sciences Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
The term pharmacology is derived from what two words?
What does each mean?
A
Pharmakon
- For a magical substance, poison, or treatment
Logos
- knowledge
2
Q
What is pharmacology?
A
Science dealing with the fate of drugs in the body and their biological actions within the body.
3
Q
What do mandrakes contain that caused them to be associated with superstition?
A
Mandrakes contain hallucinogenic or deliria inducing tropane alkaloids.
4
Q
What does the poppy seed (the middle Eastern and Oriental versions) contain?
A
Opium –> morphine
5
Q
What is opium used for?
A
At low doses, makes muscles relax.
Used for upset stomach and muscle strains.
Also abused a lot.
6
Q
What is codeine used for?
A
Found in cough medicine.
7
Q
What is the difference between codeine and morphine?
A
Morphine has a hydroxyl functional group, codeine has a methoxy group.
The rest is largely similar.
8
Q
Which is better for pain relief: codeine or morphine?
A
Morphine
9
Q
What is amanita muscaria?
What does it contain?
A
Magic mushrooms.
Generates muscarine.
10
Q
How is muscarine extracted from A. muscaria?
A
Placed in water or alcohol to extract the compound.
11
Q
What can muscarine induce?
A
Hallucinations
12
Q
What was muscarine used for by pharmacologists?
A
Mapped receptors in muscles.
13
Q
What are symptoms of muscarine?
A
Hallucinations
Muscle relaxation
Vomitting
14
Q
Where do therapeutics/chemicals used in pharmacology produced from?
A
Natural compounds - minerals, fungi, plants, animals
Synthetic chemical compounds
15
Q
What is a drug that comes from animals?
A
Insulin
16
Q
Why are synthetics important?
A
Since the natural compound might be limited in the amount that can be extracted (see taxol) or the amount of plant (from which it is derived) may be isolated or few in numbers.
Essentially, lab synthesis enhances efficiency of production.
17
Q
Are natural compounds always better?
A
No. A lot of things from plants are still toxic if not used correctly.
18
Q
What is pharmacodynamics?
A
Study of how drugs act.
- Emphasis on mechanisms
19
Q
What is pharmacokinetics?
A
Study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs.
- Calculation of various rates to bring a quantitative component to assessing drug action
20
Q
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
A
Use of drugs to treat disorders
- emphasis on clinical management
21
Q
What is pharmacoepidemiology?
A
Effect of drugs on populations.
- Deals with genetics
22
Q
What is pharmacoeconomics?
A
Study of cost-effectiveness of drug treatments.
23
Q
Understanding how a drug works and how a different form will act is associated with what branch of pharmacology?
A
Pharmacodynamics.
24
Q
How the body acts on a drug is related to what pharmacology discipline?
A
Pharmacokinetics.
25
What does the kinetics portion of pharmacokinetics refer to?
Moving through the body systems
26
What is an example drug that is very expensive?
AIDS drugs.
27
All drugs are _______, but not all _____ are drugs.
All drugs are ______, but not all _______ are drugs.
chemicals, chemicals
poisons, poisons
28
Why are all drugs poisons?
A drug, such as Tylenol, may be safe at low doses but, at high doses, the liver cannot detoxify it and thus becomes a poison.
Similarly, lots of poisons in nature are used as drugs.
29
What is botox used for?
| What does it do?
Makes wrinkles disappear.
Deactivates nerve endings.
- stops muscles from moving, causing wrinkles to disappear
30
What is the definition of a drug?
Chemical compounds with biological (therapeutic) properties.
31
What are the four categories of drugs based on biological function?
Provide an example for each.
1 - Drugs with selective toxicity. (ex: penicillin)
2 - Drugs used to replace inadequacies of naturally occurring susbtances (ex: insulin)
3 - Drugs that change regulation [hormone related] (ex: birth control pills)
4 - Drugs that alter mood or behaviour (ex: alcohol)
32
Food and Drugs are often closely related but, food is not a drug. Why?
Food is also a chemical but, food tends to be ingested in large amounts and consistently.
Drugs on the other hand or generally ingested in lower doses and only used when needed.
33
How can drugs be classified based on their clinical purposes?
Provide an example for each.
1 - Curing illness (ex: infections, metabolic imbalances)
2 - Preventing diseases (ex: vaccines)
3 - Improving health/quality of life (ex: sleep better)
34
What are the different broad classes in which drugs can be classified?
By biological function and clinical purpose.
35
What are the different names drugs can have?
Generic name
Trivial name
Trade name
Chemical name
36
What is the generic name of a drug?
Common name used by all - ex: aspirin
37
What is the trivial name of a drug?
Common name that is less official than the generic name (ex: Acetylsalicylic acid)
38
What is the trade name of a drug?
Given name of drug by the pharmaceutical company (ex: Empirin)
39
What is the chemical name of a drug?
Systematized and standardized nomenclature (ex: 2-acetoxybenzoic acid)
40
A dosage form is a "______ _____ (the way of identifying) of the drug and used to allow for an _________ _______ of the drug (the active compound) to the patient.
physical form
| effective delivery
41
What is a dosage form?
Physical form of the drug and used to allow for effective delivery of the drug to the patient.
42
What is referred to for effective delivery?
Delivery is important in the sense that it refers to accuracy in dose and stability so the patient can transport it.
The dosage form is kept in its most active and stable form.
43
In a dosage form, there is a mixture of substances. These are?
1 - Active drug component(s)
2 - Non-drug component(s)
44
What are active drug components?
Compounds used with the intention to provide biological effect(s)
Can be a single compound or multiple compounds
45
What are the non-drug components? What do they provide?
Compounds used with the intention to provide:
1 - Stability
2 - Desirable colour(s)/form(s)
3 - Necessary characteristics to deliver the active compound(s)
46
Dosage form:
| - _______ form that you identify with the drug, makes ______ as _______ as possible
physical
delivery
effective
47
Dosage forms of drugs are:
1 - ________ appearance of the drug product
2 - Physical form of the drug product prior to _______ to the patient
3 - The way the product is ________ (_____ and frequency)
4 - How pharmacists and other health professionals might recognize and handle the product
Physical
dispensing
administered - route
48
Why is a pill given more often than liquid as a dosage form?
Easy to prescribe:
- easier to measure
- easier for the patient to take
49
What is the easiest, most common and most acceptable route of administration?
By ingestion
50
What was one of the first drugs ever identified?
Alcohol
51
What is a route of administration?
The way that a drug is introduced into the body
52
What are the two most common routes of drug administration?
```
Oral ingestion
Injection
- intravenous
- subcutaneous
- intramuscular
```
53
Which injection type acts the quickest? Why?
IV - injected directly into the bloodstream, immediately distributed throughout the body
54
What are other factors to consider when choosing a route of administration?
M PPO TSM
M PPO TSM
```
Molecular properties of the drug
Physiological nature of the route
Patient compliance
Onset of action
The condition being treated
Systemic or local effect (side effects)
Metabolism
```
55
Describe how the property of the drug will affect the route of administration.
If the drug cannot be dissolved in water, intravenous is not a good idea.
- might block circulation and cause an issue
56
Why would the physiological nature of the route be a factor to consider when choosing a route of administration?
ex: patient is frail or cold, hard to see blood vessels
| - may not be appropriate to use IV
57
What is compliance?
Willingness of the patient to stick to the assigned regimen
58
Why is compliance important for the route of administration?
ex: patient compliance in finishing prescription
59
Why is the onset of action important to consider for the route of administration?
ex: emergency? --> need to use IV, quickest effect
| - use intramuscular (lots of blood vessels associated) for allergies
60
Why is the epipen intramuscular rather than IV?
Because it is hard to perform an IV if not trained and their are lots of blood vessels associated with muscles.
61
Why is the condition being treated important when considering the route of administration?
The condition being treated will dictate what form of the drug is needed
62
How do systemic/local effects play into routes of administration?
If something is small and restricted, a local acting drug may be better.
If a cut gets really bad, will need a more systemic drug.
63
Why do side effects occur?
Blood flows everywhere, sometimes, the side effect can occur in another part of the body
64
Why is metabolism important to consider for routes of administration?
May have impaired kidney/liver function making a drug much more toxic than usual
65
What are the different major routes of drug administration?
Enteral administration
| Parenteral administration
66
What is enteral administration?
Absorption from GI tract
| Oral ingestion
67
What is parenteral administration?
IV
intramuscular
subcutaneous
68
What are the other administration routes?
```
Sublingual
Transdermal
Rectal
Pulmonary
Topical
```
69
What is the difference between transdermal and topical administration routes?
Transdermal - application location is different from site of action
Topical - site of action is the same as site of administration
70
Why is sublingual effective or even used?
Lots of blood vessels below the tongue.
| Certain types of drugs can pass the membrane quickly
71
What is an example drug that uses the sublingual route?
Nitroglycerin
72
Why is the rectal route used?
Membrane soft, lots of vasculature.
| Used especially for vomitting patients or those unconscious.
73
The enteral administration is the most ______ method of administration.
common
74
What are the dosage forms of enteral administration?
Capsule, tablet, solution, elixir syrup
75
What are the advantages of Enteral administration:
Safest, most convenient, and most economical method.
76
What are the disadvantages of enteral administration?
- Limited absorption for lipid soluble drugs
- Emesis for certain drugs (irritation)
- Drug can be destroyed by low pH, presence of food or other drug
77
What is the difference between a syrup and elixir?
Syrup - thick and sweet - tends to have a substance to make it sweet
Elixir - Oftentimes extract with alcohol, tends to be bitter
- don't see as much
78
What is the dosage form of parenteral administration?
Injections
79
What are the advantages of parenteral administration?
- Drug delivered in active form
- rapid, extensive, predictable
- effective dose can be delivered more effective in emergency cases
80
What are the disadvantages of the parenteral route?
- Asepsis must be maintained
- Pain
- Need some training to administer
81
What is the subcutaneous layer?
Fat and connective tissue
82
The majority of vaccines tend to be of what type? Why?
Subcutaneous and intramuscular
This is because we want the antigen to release slowly.
Oftentimes resides there for a while, doesn't circulate and get cleared, allows the body to develop immunity.
83
What is the intraosseous route?
Bone marrow - parenteral
84
What is the dosage form of the sublingual route?
Tablets - orally disintegrating or orodispersable tablets
85
What are the suitable drug properties of a sublingual drug?
Lipid soluble and high P value
86
Transdermal goes through ______ skin
intact
87
What are the dosage forms of transdermal administration?
Cream, pasted, controlled-release topical patches
88
What is the dosage form of the rectal route?
Suppository
89
When is a suppository used (what kind of patient)?
Unconscious or vomiting patients
90
What are the dosage forms of the pulmonary route?
Aerosol, volatile liquids, gases
91
What are the different areas in which topical treatment can be used?
Conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oropharynx, vagina, urethra, urinary bladder, ear, nose, anal canal
92
What are the dosage forms of topical treatments?
Ointment, cream, drops, jelly, powder, tablet, suppository, pessary
93
Why aren't all drugs delivered through the pulmonary route?
Physical or chemical property of the active compound can limit its effectiveness:
- not all drugs can pass membrane or dissolve easily
(needs to be an aerosol or fine powder for this)
94
Why are the lungs a good administration route?
lots of space and vasculature
95
Where does a pessary go?
Into the vagina
96
Why is injection into the bone marrow also a quick route of administration?
The cell membrane there is very porous
97
What is the endotracheal route?
Into trachea, gets into the lungs
