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N5 Biology > Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sequence of mitosis?

A

1) chromosomes become visible
2) chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
3) spindle fibres form and attach onto the chromosomes
4) spindle fibres contract and the pairs of chromatids are pulled apart
5) chromosomes move to the poles (opposite ends) of the cell
6) nuclear membrane reform creating 2 nuclei
7) cytoplasm divides resulting in the production of two daughter cells

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2
Q

What does mitosis provide new cells for?

A
  • growth
  • repair of damaged tissues
  • replacement of dead/damaged cells
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3
Q

What is the chromosome compliment in humans?

A

46

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4
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Animals cells that are unspecialised cells which divide in order to self renew

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5
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to do?

A

Become different types of cells

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6
Q

What are stem cells involved in?

A

Growth and repair

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7
Q

Where can stem cells be obtained?

A

From the embryo at a very early stage of development

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8
Q

What do specialised cells lead to the formation of?

A

Variety of cells, tissues and organs

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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of speacilised cells that are similar in structure and carry out a similar function

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10
Q

What are organs?

A

Made up of many different types of tissue, containing different types of cell, which are specialised for their function. Each organism performs a different function

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11
Q

What are systems?

A

Groups of organs which work together to form systems

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system contain?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the cerebrum do?
Where is it on the brain?

A

Stores memory
Top back of the brain

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14
Q

What does the medulla do?
Where is it on the brain?

A

Controls involuntary actions (heart beat)
Bottom front of the brain

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15
Q

What does the cerebellum do?
Where is it on the brain?

A

Controls balance and coordination
Bottom back of the brain

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16
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • inter
  • motor
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17
Q

What type of messages do neurons carry?

A

Electrical

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18
Q

What do receptors do (neurons)?

A

Detect sensory input/stimuli

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19
Q

What type of transfer carries a message between the neurons at the synapses?

A

Chemical

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20
Q

What gland releases hormones into the blood stream?

A

Endocrine gland

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21
Q

What type of messengers are hormones?

A

Chemical

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22
Q

Why does only he target tissue get affected by the specific hormone?

A

The target tissue has complementary receptors proteins for the specific hormone

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23
Q

What is the blood glucose regulation if blood glucose increases?

A

1) change is detected in the pancreas
2) pancreas releases more insulin into the blood
3) liver cells store glucose from the blood a glycogen
4) decrease in blood glucose

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24
Q

What is the blood glucose regulation if there is a decrease in blood glucose?

A

1) change detected in the pancreas
2) pancreas releases more glucagon into the blood
3) liver cells breakdown glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood
4) increase in blood glucose

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25
Q

What cell is a diploid?

A

All cells, except gametes

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26
Q

What do diploid cells contain?

A

Two matching sets of chromosomes

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27
Q

What are gametes?

A
  • sex cells
  • haploid cells
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28
Q

What do haploid cells contain?

A

One set of chromosomes

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29
Q

What is the male animal gamete and where is it produced?

A

Sperm, produced in the testes

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30
Q

What is the female animal gamete and where is it produced?

A

Egg, produced in the ovaries

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31
Q

What is the male plant gamete and where is it produced?

A

Pollen, produced in the anther

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32
Q

What is the female plant gamete and where is it produced?

A

Ovule, produced by the ovary

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33
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the 2 nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

34
Q

What does the zygote divide to form?

A

An embryo

35
Q

What is the difference between discrete/continuous variation?

A

Discrete variation can be grouped
Continuous variation can be measured

36
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of a gene that produce different phenotypes

37
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that always produces a certain phenotype in an organism, represented with a capital letter

38
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that contains coded instructions for making a specific protein

39
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An individual’s alleles for a particular characteristic

40
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Describes an individual who has inherited two different alleles of the same gene from their parents

41
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Describe an individual who has inherited the same allele for a gene as their parents

42
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The outward appearance resulting from an individual’s genotype for a particular characteristic

43
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele whose effect on the phenotype can be masked by a dominant allele of the same gene, represented by a lower case letter

44
Q

What does P stand for?

A

Parents

45
Q

What does F1 stand for?

A

First generation offspring

46
Q

What does F2 stand for?

A

Second generation offspring

47
Q

What are plant organs?

A
  • roots
  • stems
  • leaves
48
Q

What is a leaf?

A

The site of photosynthesis

49
Q

What is a stem?

A

Transports water and mineral s upwards from the root to the leaves. Water is required as a raw material of photosynthesis

50
Q

What is a root?

A

Absorb water from the soil by osmosis and mineral ions by diffusion or active transport

51
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Contains substances which protect the leaf from infection and water loss

52
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

Main site of photosynthesis, cells contains large numbers of chloroplasts to maximise absorption of light

53
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

Carries out photosynthesis, but are loosely arranged, air spaces allow gases to diffuses efficiently

54
Q

What is the leaf vein?

A

Xylem transports water to the leaf, and phloem transports sugar away from the leaf

55
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Pores that allow gas exchange between the leaf and the air. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf and oxygen diffuses out of the leaf

56
Q

What is the guard cells

A

Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

57
Q

What enters through the root hairs?

A

Water and minerals

58
Q

What does xylem do?

A

Transports water and minerals up the plant stem

59
Q

What is xylem made out of?

A

Dead cells

60
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process of water moving through a plant from the foots to the leaves, and evaporation through the stomata in the leaf

61
Q

What affect does temperature have on transpiration rates?

A

Increases
More water evaporates from the surface of the leaf increasing the rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf

62
Q

What affect does wind speed have on transpiration rates?

A

Increases
The Rae of evaporation increases from the leaf, more water diffuses from the leaf

63
Q

What affect does humidity have on transpiration rates?

A

Decreases
Loss of water molecules from the leaf decreases due to the moisture in the air reducing the concentration gradient

64
Q

What affect does surface area have on transpiration rates?

A

Increases
As surface area increases, more water evaporates from the surface of the leaf increasing the rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf

65
Q

What affect does light intensity have on transpiration rates?

A

Increases
As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, stomata are open to allow exchange of gases and more water diffuses out

66
Q

What can you use to measure transpiration rates?

A

A potometer

67
Q

How is sugar transported?

A

In the phloem which requires energy

68
Q

What is the sieve tube?

A

Specialised for transport and have no nuclei, each serve tube has a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next

69
Q

What is the companion cell?

A

Transport of substances in the phloem requires energy. One or more companion cells are associated to each sieve tube provide this energy

70
Q

What does a mammals blood consists of?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
71
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

To transport nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide

72
Q

What does plasma transport?

A

Cells, carbon dioxide, proteins

73
Q

How are red blood cells specialised?

A
  • being biconcave in shape (increased surface area)
  • having no nucleus
  • containing the pigment haemoglobin
74
Q

If there is high oxygen concentration the word equation is?

A

Oxygen+haemoglobin —> oxyhaemoglobin

75
Q

If there is low oxygen concentration the word equation is?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin —> haemoglobin+oxygen

76
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Part of the immune system, involved in destroying pathogens

77
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells involved in destroying pathogens?

A
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
78
Q

Describe the pathway of blood?

A

1) vena cava carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
2) the deoxygenated blood then passes through a valve and into the right ventricle
3) the right ventricle pumps blood though another valve into the pulmonary artery
4) the pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs from the heart
5) the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart and into the left atrium
6) the oxygenated blood then passes through a valve and into the left ventricle
7) the left ventricle pumps blood through another valve into the aorta
8) the aorta carries blood to the body from the heart

79
Q

Describe an artery?

A
  • thick, muscular walls
  • narrow channel
  • high pressure
80
Q

Describe a vein?

A
  • thinner walls
  • wide channel
  • valves
  • low pressure
81
Q

Describe a capillary?

A
  • thin wall
  • large surface area

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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