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Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sequence of mitosis?

A

1) chromosomes become visible
2) chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
3) spindle fibres form and attach onto the chromosomes
4) spindle fibres contract and the pairs of chromatids are pulled apart
5) chromosomes move to the poles (opposite ends) of the cell
6) nuclear membrane reform creating 2 nuclei
7) cytoplasm divides resulting in the production of two daughter cells

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2
Q

What does mitosis provide new cells for?

A
  • growth
  • repair of damaged tissues
  • replacement of dead/damaged cells
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3
Q

What is the chromosome compliment in humans?

A

46

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4
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Animals cells that are unspecialised cells which divide in order to self renew

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5
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to do?

A

Become different types of cells

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6
Q

What are stem cells involved in?

A

Growth and repair

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7
Q

Where can stem cells be obtained?

A

From the embryo at a very early stage of development

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8
Q

What do specialised cells lead to the formation of?

A

Variety of cells, tissues and organs

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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of speacilised cells that are similar in structure and carry out a similar function

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10
Q

What are organs?

A

Made up of many different types of tissue, containing different types of cell, which are specialised for their function. Each organism performs a different function

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11
Q

What are systems?

A

Groups of organs which work together to form systems

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system contain?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the cerebrum do?
Where is it on the brain?

A

Stores memory
Top back of the brain

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14
Q

What does the medulla do?
Where is it on the brain?

A

Controls involuntary actions (heart beat)
Bottom front of the brain

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15
Q

What does the cerebellum do?
Where is it on the brain?

A

Controls balance and coordination
Bottom back of the brain

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16
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • inter
  • motor
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17
Q

What type of messages do neurons carry?

A

Electrical

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18
Q

What do receptors do (neurons)?

A

Detect sensory input/stimuli

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19
Q

What type of transfer carries a message between the neurons at the synapses?

A

Chemical

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20
Q

What gland releases hormones into the blood stream?

A

Endocrine gland

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21
Q

What type of messengers are hormones?

A

Chemical

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22
Q

Why does only he target tissue get affected by the specific hormone?

A

The target tissue has complementary receptors proteins for the specific hormone

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23
Q

What is the blood glucose regulation if blood glucose increases?

A

1) change is detected in the pancreas
2) pancreas releases more insulin into the blood
3) liver cells store glucose from the blood a glycogen
4) decrease in blood glucose

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24
Q

What is the blood glucose regulation if there is a decrease in blood glucose?

A

1) change detected in the pancreas
2) pancreas releases more glucagon into the blood
3) liver cells breakdown glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood
4) increase in blood glucose

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25
What cell is a diploid?
All cells, except gametes
26
What do diploid cells contain?
Two matching sets of chromosomes
27
What are gametes?
- sex cells - haploid cells
28
What do haploid cells contain?
One set of chromosomes
29
What is the male animal gamete and where is it produced?
Sperm, produced in the testes
30
What is the female animal gamete and where is it produced?
Egg, produced in the ovaries
31
What is the male plant gamete and where is it produced?
Pollen, produced in the anther
32
What is the female plant gamete and where is it produced?
Ovule, produced by the ovary
33
What is fertilisation?
The fusion of the 2 nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
34
What does the zygote divide to form?
An embryo
35
What is the difference between discrete/continuous variation?
Discrete variation can be grouped Continuous variation can be measured
36
What is an allele?
Different forms of a gene that produce different phenotypes
37
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that always produces a certain phenotype in an organism, represented with a capital letter
38
What is a gene?
A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that contains coded instructions for making a specific protein
39
What is a genotype?
An individual’s alleles for a particular characteristic
40
What does heterozygous mean?
Describes an individual who has inherited two different alleles of the same gene from their parents
41
What does homozygous mean?
Describe an individual who has inherited the same allele for a gene as their parents
42
What is a phenotype?
The outward appearance resulting from an individual’s genotype for a particular characteristic
43
What is a recessive allele?
An allele whose effect on the phenotype can be masked by a dominant allele of the same gene, represented by a lower case letter
44
What does P stand for?
Parents
45
What does F1 stand for?
First generation offspring
46
What does F2 stand for?
Second generation offspring
47
What are plant organs?
- roots - stems - leaves
48
What is a leaf?
The site of photosynthesis
49
What is a stem?
Transports water and mineral s upwards from the root to the leaves. Water is required as a raw material of photosynthesis
50
What is a root?
Absorb water from the soil by osmosis and mineral ions by diffusion or active transport
51
What is the epidermis?
Contains substances which protect the leaf from infection and water loss
52
What is the palisade mesophyll?
Main site of photosynthesis, cells contains large numbers of chloroplasts to maximise absorption of light
53
What is the spongy mesophyll?
Carries out photosynthesis, but are loosely arranged, air spaces allow gases to diffuses efficiently
54
What is the leaf vein?
Xylem transports water to the leaf, and phloem transports sugar away from the leaf
55
What is the stomata?
Pores that allow gas exchange between the leaf and the air. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf and oxygen diffuses out of the leaf
56
What is the guard cells
Controls the opening and closing of the stomata
57
What enters through the root hairs?
Water and minerals
58
What does xylem do?
Transports water and minerals up the plant stem
59
What is xylem made out of?
Dead cells
60
What is transpiration?
The process of water moving through a plant from the foots to the leaves, and evaporation through the stomata in the leaf
61
What affect does temperature have on transpiration rates?
Increases More water evaporates from the surface of the leaf increasing the rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf
62
What affect does wind speed have on transpiration rates?
Increases The Rae of evaporation increases from the leaf, more water diffuses from the leaf
63
What affect does humidity have on transpiration rates?
Decreases Loss of water molecules from the leaf decreases due to the moisture in the air reducing the concentration gradient
64
What affect does surface area have on transpiration rates?
Increases As surface area increases, more water evaporates from the surface of the leaf increasing the rate of diffusion of water molecules from the leaf
65
What affect does light intensity have on transpiration rates?
Increases As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, stomata are open to allow exchange of gases and more water diffuses out
66
What can you use to measure transpiration rates?
A potometer
67
How is sugar transported?
In the phloem which requires energy
68
What is the sieve tube?
Specialised for transport and have no nuclei, each serve tube has a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next
69
What is the companion cell?
Transport of substances in the phloem requires energy. One or more companion cells are associated to each sieve tube provide this energy
70
What does a mammals blood consists of?
- plasma - red blood cells - white blood cells
71
What is the function of blood?
To transport nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide
72
What does plasma transport?
Cells, carbon dioxide, proteins
73
How are red blood cells specialised?
- being biconcave in shape (increased surface area) - having no nucleus - containing the pigment haemoglobin
74
If there is high oxygen concentration the word equation is?
Oxygen+haemoglobin —> oxyhaemoglobin
75
If there is low oxygen concentration the word equation is?
Oxyhaemoglobin —> haemoglobin+oxygen
76
What are white blood cells?
Part of the immune system, involved in destroying pathogens
77
What are the 2 main types of cells involved in destroying pathogens?
- phagocytes - lymphocytes
78
Describe the pathway of blood?
1) vena cava carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium 2) the deoxygenated blood then passes through a valve and into the right ventricle 3) the right ventricle pumps blood though another valve into the pulmonary artery 4) the pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs from the heart 5) the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart and into the left atrium 6) the oxygenated blood then passes through a valve and into the left ventricle 7) the left ventricle pumps blood through another valve into the aorta 8) the aorta carries blood to the body from the heart
79
Describe an artery?
- thick, muscular walls - narrow channel - high pressure
80
Describe a vein?
- thinner walls - wide channel - valves - low pressure
81
Describe a capillary?
- thin wall - large surface area

N5 Biology (3 decks)

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