What are the 4 steps of the four-phase model of hostage negotiation?
Establishing initial dialogue, building rapport, influencing, surrender
The modern connotation of the police force began in the UK in 1829 with what Act?
Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act
What is strongly linked with the reduction of stress in Police after a critical incident?
Having a supportive work environment.
What are the steps of the FBI-style profiling process?
Profiling inputs, crime scene classification, crime scene reconstruction, profile generation
What is the definition of matching the assumption in criminal profiling
there is a simple matching between a characteristic of the offence and the characteristic of an offender
Define Criminal Profiling
Investigative method which uses information from the crime scene and more to develop a social, behavioural and, possible, physical description of the offender.
When administering a polygraph, you ask a question unrelated to the crime, that is designed to elicit an emotional reaction, and then you ask a question directly relevant to the crime. What kind of technique is this?
Control Question Technique
What is a directed lie test
Tries to detect lying by comparing physiological responses when the subject is told to deliberately lie to responses when they tell the truth
Relevant/Irrelevant question technique
Simply relevant and irrelevant questions - if lying, then irrelevant questions should arouse
Guilty Knowledge test
This test compares physiological responses to multiple-choice types questions about the crime, one choice o which contains information only the crime investigators and the criminal would know about.
In the DSM-V, what is the closest diagnosis to Psychopathy?
Antisocial personality disorder
Compared to other offenders, is violence committed by psychopaths more: Instrumental Reactive Severe or Voluntary?
Instrumental: Psychopaths are more proactive, or predatory, in their violent behaviour
To be confident in an eyewitness identification, how long should the identification ideally take?
Less than 10-12 seconds
What is the definition of Doli Incapax?
A presumption that children below a certain age actually are incapable of being evil
Define Actus Reus
The requirement that the prosecution show a crime has indeed been committed, and that the accused was the person who committed the crime
Define Mens Rea
The requirement that the accused actually understood that what they did was wrong or that they behaves recklessly
Diminished responsibility
The principle that although the defendant broke the law, they are not criminally liable since their mental functioning was impaired in some way
What is the field of expertise rule in the Australian rules of expert testimony?
Experts cannot testify on areas that are not part of a formal sphere of knowledge or profession
What is the Common Knowledge rule?
Experts may not give evidence about the matters of common knowledge about which the trier of fact does no need or would not be helped by expert opinion
Ultimate Issue Rule
The expert may not give evidence on the ultimate issue (i.e. whether the accused is innocent or guilty)
Expertise Rule
The expert must be an expert in his or her respective field, but not necessarily the leading authority
What have researchers found regarding juror’s abilities to understand the judge’s instructions?
Many jurors are unable to understand the judge’s instructions
Does attractiveness affect the perception of guilt?
Yes
Defendant attractiveness decreases guilty ratings more strongly for stalking crimes than burglary
What strategies can be used to increase persuasiveness in an argument?
Vivid language
Repetition
Loaded questions
What does signal detections theory suggest about deciding on the guilt of a person accused of a serious crime?
That the standard of evidence is lowered compared to a less serious crime
What strategies did Towl (1996) suggest can be used to help deal with the potential problem of suicide in prison?
Try to avoid the negative consequences for prisoners who report suicidal thoughts to staff
Reduce the number of remand prisoners
Enable staff to assist prisoners with suicidal thoughts
In the USA and many other societies, the crimes recorded by the police are overwhelmingly known as what?
Property Crimes
Burglary is classified as a property crime
Rates of reporting crime are highest for burglary in virtually all countries. What may be the main reason for this?
Because insurer’s require that the crime is reported to the police if an insurance payment is to be made
