Multiple sclerose

Question 1

MS is a disorder of the …

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord, axons are exposed due to demyelination

Question 2

symptoms MS

Answer 2

1. optic neuritis
2. lhermitte’s syndrome
3. ataxia
4. nystagmus
5. loss of motor function
6. bladder dysfunction
7. fatigue

Question 3

diagnosis done through:

Answer 3

symptoms, MRI and CBF

Question 4

PPMS

Answer 4

primary progressive MS, older people, only 10-15% of MS patients

Question 5

Kaplan Meier severity MS

Answer 5

DSS4: walking problems
DSS6: aid for walking
DSS7: weelchair
DSS10: dies

Question 6

What is driving MS in secondary progressive stage?

Answer 6

The degeneration

Question 7

Risk factors MS

Answer 7

EBV, parisites, nutrition, climate, UV, microbiota

Question 8

Treatments MS (4)

Answer 8

interferon-beta, nataluzimab, alemtuzumab, aHSCT

Question 9

interferon-beta treatment info

Answer 9

effective in relapsing-remitting ms, subcutaneous injected, only slows down disease

Question 10

nataluzimab treatment info

Answer 10

shuts down IS in brain, blocking B&T cells from entering CNS, reduces relapse by 68%

Question 11

alemtuzumab treatment info

Answer 11

moloclonal antibody, binds CD52 receptor, depletes and repopulates T&B cells

Question 12

aHSCT treatment info

Answer 12

means: autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (promising new method).

Question 13

Pathogenenisis MS

Answer 13

MHII presents myelin like antigen by DC to CD4+/ CD8+ T-cells –> production neurotoxic molecules –> phagocytocis of myelin leads to irreversible axonal damage

Question 14

outside in

Answer 14

IS to brain

Question 15

inside out

Answer 15

brain to IS

Question 16

BBB consists of

Answer 16

endothelial cells, astrocyte, pericytes

Question 17

Functions and location of astrocytes

Answer 17

function: protect brain against pathogens, chemicals, poison.
location: have their end-feet on vessels (can decide tight or less tight).

Question 18

origin astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Answer 18

neuroectodermal

Question 19

origin microglial cells

Answer 19

medodermal

Question 20

fibrous astrocytes are present in….

Answer 20

more prevalent in white matter among nerve fibers

Question 21

protoplasmic astrocytes are more present in…

Answer 21

grey matter around neuronal tissue

Question 22

function of astrocytes

Answer 22

structural support, neurotransmitter homeostasis (glutamate uptake & release), part of BBB, phagocytosis.

Question 23

function microglia

Answer 23

represent IS of brain, phagocytic, neuroprotective actions, neurotrophic factors and also production of cytokines, chemokines and oxygen radicals

Question 24

Theiler Virus does what

Answer 24

immitates MS in mice

Question 25

treatment on MS is now focused on ….

Answer 25

outside in