Muscle Mechanics

Question 1

Muscles proximal attachment

Answer 1

Origin

Question 2

Muscles distal attachment

Answer 2

Insertion

Question 3

muscle/muscle group most directly involved in movement

Answer 3

Agonist

Question 4

Opposing muscle group, slows down limbs during fast movement

Answer 4

antagonist

Question 5

muscles that stabilize the body during movements but not responsible for the movement

Answer 5

synergist

Question 6

involve generation of muscle force with constant muscle tension and a change in muscle length

Answer 6

Isotonic Contraction

Question 7

Isotonic Contraction (2)

Answer 7

1. Concentric

2. Eccentric

Question 8

contractile force is greater than external load

muscles shortens

Answer 8

concentric

Question 9

contractile force is less than external load

muscle lengthens

Answer 9

eccentric

Question 10

active muscle contraction without changing the muscle length

Answer 10

Isometric

Question 11

Functional Characteristic of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 11

1. Contractile
2. Excitability
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity

Question 12

refers to the ability of the muscle to shorten and produce tension at its ends

pulls on tendons

Answer 12

Contractile

Question 13

is the ability of a muscle fiber to respond rapidly to a chemical or electrical signal

Answer 13

excitability

Question 14

which is the capacity of the muscle to stretch to the normal resting length and beyond after contracting

Answer 14

extensibility

Question 15

means that a muscle is able to return to its original resting length after a stretch

Answer 15

elasticity

Question 16

muscle’s ability to constantly adapt to stretching

Answer 16

plasticity

Question 17

an active eccentric stretch of a muscle, followed by a rapid concentric contraction

preparatory counter-movement to many functional tasks

Uses energy stored from elastic component of musculotendinous unit and stimulation of stretch reflex.

Answer 17

Stretch Shortening Cycle (SSC)

Question 18

During a concentric muscle action, the relationship between force and velocity is ____

Answer 18

inverse

Question 19

During a eccentric muscle action, the relationship between force and velocity is ___

Answer 19

Direct

Question 20

muscle has fibers that attach obliquely (i.e., in a slanting position) to its tendon, creating a feather-like arrangement

Answer 20

pennate

Question 21

the angle between the muscle fibers and the longitudinal axis of muscle force generation

Answer 21

angle of pennation

Question 22

great force, less velocity

Answer 22

more pennation

Question 23

less force, higher velocity

Answer 23

less pennation

Question 24

force resisting the lever’s rotation

Answer 24

Fr

Question 25

movement arm of the resistive force

Answer 25

Mrf

Question 26

movement arm of the applied force

Answer 26

Maf

Question 27

force applied to the lever

Answer 27

Fa

Question 28

applied and resistant forces on opposite sides of the fulcrum neck

Answer 28

First Class

Question 29

resistance lies between the applied force and the fulcrum plantar flexion of the ankle

Answer 29

Second Class

Question 30

force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum Elbow flexion with a biceps curl

Answer 30

Third class

Question 31

slow twitch efficient resistant to fatigue high capacity for aerobic energy supply produce force less rapidly

Answer 31

Type I muscle

Question 32

Fast twitch inefficient fatigue easily Low aerobic capacity produce force more rapidly

Answer 32

Type II muscle

Question 33

Fastest twitch time Most easily fatigued

Answer 33

Type IIb

Question 34

which and how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction - Type _ fiber are recruited ___ for any given movement - Type _ finer are recruited __ if needed

Answer 34

fiber recruitment I first II second

Question 35

the firing rate or frequency of action potential generation in a motor neuron is Frequency ___ when more ___is required

Answer 35

rate coding increases force

Question 36

Regular ____ training improves muscle strength, power, hypertrophy, endurance, motor skills and coordination

Answer 36

anaerobic

Question 37

gradual adaptation to increased stress on muscles from exercise

Answer 37

progressive overload

Question 38

Principles of Anaerobic Training

Answer 38

1. Principle of specificity 2. Principle of individual variability 3. Principle of reversibility

Question 39

muscles adapt in the way they are stressed through exercise

Answer 39

principle of specificity

Question 40

different people will adapt to the same training program in different ways

Answer 40

Principle of individual variability

Question 41

if a person stops or reduces their training there will be a loss in adaptation brought on by prior training

Answer 41

Principle of reversibility

Question 42

collection of disorders associated with nerves, muscles, tendons, bones and related blood vessels

Answer 42

cumulative trauma disorder

Question 43

Three Specific Muscle Adaptation

Answer 43

Growth fiber Types Biochemistry

Question 44

Hypertrophy: enlargement of muscle fiber cross sectional area following training Involves: actin and myosin synthesis titian and nebulin synthesis Increase in number of myofibrils in muscle fiber

Answer 44

Growth

Question 45

type ___ can transition to type ___ with ____ endurance or high intensity resistance training. type __ to __ transitions are less likely

Answer 45

IIb IIa aerobic I II

Question 46

Resistance/ sprint training: increase cytoplasmic density Increase sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule density increase calcium release anaerobic training: - decreased blood and muscle

Answer 46

biochemistry

Question 47

Increase aerobic capacity of skeletal muscles increase maximal aerobic power increase size of type I muscle fibers due to their increased recruitment increased size and number of capillaries and mitochondria

Answer 47

Muscle Adaptation to Exercise: Aerobic training

Question 48

Skeletal muscle that is not regularly stimulated ___ This lead to __ of muscle __, ___ and ___ over time the majority of muscle atrophy comes from type ___ fibers

Answer 48

atrophies loss mass tone power II