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Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Primary Functions of the Skeletal Muscle (5)

A
  1. Movement
  2. Support
  3. Posture
  4. Temperature regulation
  5. Communication
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2
Q

Skeletal muscles create _____ by ____and ___ on tendons, which are connected to the ____.

A

Movement
movement
contracting
pulling bones

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3
Q

Muscles in the ___ wall support ___ organs and shield ___ from injury.

A

Support
abdominal
visceral
tissues

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4
Q

Muscles also continuously contract to hold the body still and maintain an upright sitting or standing _____.

A

Posture

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle is about ___ % of __ ___, which gives it a ______ effect on body ___.

A 
*Temperature regulation*
40
body mass
disproportionate 
temperature
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6
Q

Facilitates all modes of _____ communication, including ____, ____, ____, ___ ___ and ____.

A 
interpersonal 
speaking 
typing 
writing 
facial expression 
gestures.
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7
Q

Red stands for ?

A

muscle tissue

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8
Q

White stands for?

A

tendons

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9
Q

Muscle is actually composed of not only ___ ___, also __ ___, ___ __ and ___.

A

skeletal muscles
connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves

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10
Q

Skeletal muscles are _____ material; this means that __ ___ are organized wishing cells.

A

hierarchical

molecular motors

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11
Q

Muscles only ?

A

PULL

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12
Q

human body has more than ___ skeletal muscles

A

650

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13
Q

Each muscle is wrapped in a connective tissue layer ___

A

epimysium

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14
Q

Epimysium wraps together a bundle of ____ ___?

A

Muscle Fibers

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15
Q

Each bundle is called a?

A

fascicle

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16
Q

what surrounds the fascicle?

A

endomysium

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17
Q

A fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle.

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

A connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fiber and contains capillaries and nerves

A

Endomysium

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19
Q

A connective tissue sheathe surrounding several muscle fibers.

A

perimysium

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20
Q

A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

A

Tendons

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21
Q

A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones.

A

Periosteum

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22
Q

provide anchorage and support to nerves and blood vessels that innervate and supply energy to the muscle fibers

A

epimysium and perimysium

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23
Q

Main Features of A skeletal Muscle Fiber: (5)

A
  1. Contents
  2. Development
  3. Size and shape
  4. Orientation
  5. Satellite cells
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24
Q

Specialized structures

Ex. sarcoplasm
and Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Contents

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25
when myoblasts fuse to form myocytes
*Development* | Myogenesis
26
Cylindrical cells, diameter of 10-100 um very long up to 23 inches
Size and Shape
27
Mostly oblique to the muscles axis of force
orientation
28
Regenerative myoblasts that did not fuse during development
satellite cells
29
bundles of contractile proteins
myofibrils
30
2 types of myofilaments
1. Actin | 2. Myosin
31
thin filament looks like pearls on a string
actin
32
thick filaments, looks like double headed golf clubs
Myosin
33
Actin comes into dif. Forms:
F- actin | G- actin
34
initiates many cellular processes including cell motility and muscle contractions is a twisted strand of ___.
F- actin G- actin
35
Monomer from which F- actin is produced.
G-actin
36
The myosin heads, bind to actin to form a ____
cross bridge
37
Actin and myosin are arranged longitudinally in repeating units along the myofibril
sarcomeres
38
smallest contractile units of skeletal muscles repeating units of longitudinally arranged actin and myosin allow for the sliding filament model of muscle contraction boundaries formed by z lines
sacromere
39
1. Muscle unit in the ___ sends ___. 2. ____ travels through the ___ ___ to ___ ___. 3. Motor action potential stimulated and ____ slides
``` brain impulse impulse spinal cord motor neuron sarcomeres ```
40
it is where the axon terminal of the alpha motor neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber meet
Neuromuscular junction
41
Alpha motor neurons release a specific neurotransmitter known as
acetylcholine (ACh)
42
is an autoimmune disorder and common neuromuscular disease. results from antibodies that block or damage nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ
myasthenia gravis
43
a single contraction and relaxation cycle within a muscle fiber
muscle twitch
44
Action potential depolarizes the sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca 2+ no tension produced yet.
Latent Phase
45
Muscle fiber peaks cross bridges interactions are occurring as actin binding sites are exposed
Contraction phase
46
Cat 2+ levels decrease Binding sites on actin become covered Number of cross bridges decline
relaxation phrase
47
addition of one twitch
wave summation
48
is a sustained muscle contraction caused by a motor neuron firing action potentials at a very high rate
tetanic contraction
49
Tetanic Contraction can be (2)
Fused | Unfused
50
muscles partially relax in between low rate of stimulation
unfused
51
muscles do not relax high rate of stimulation
fused
52
which is the ability of a muscle to maintain a continuous and passive partial contraction. important for posture, balance and preventing injury
Muscle tone
53
Factors affecting Muscle tone: (2)
structure of the muscle including its connective tissue and size of the elastin component active muscle tone
54
describes the link between resting muscle length and tension generation
Length- Tension Relationship
55
The sequence of events that converts action potentials in a muscle fiber to a contraction
excitation-contraction coupling
56
More ATP is produced than needed AtP transfers the energy to creatine
Resting Muscle
57
Generates ATP from creatine phosphate ATP is continuously generated at the same rate is used
Contracting Muscle
58
Energy source for direct phosphorylation
CP
59
Energy source for anaerobic
Glucose
60
Energy source for aerobic
glucose, pyretic acid free fatty acids amino acids
61
RECOVERY (3)
Latin acid removal High Intensity exercise Muscle soreness
62
lactic acid can be recycled back to pyretic acid used by mitochondria to generate ATP or rebuild glycogen reserves Also shutter through blood to liver and back to muscle (cori cycle)
Lactic acid removal
63
maintains/ improves muscular strength, endurance, mass, fiber size, metabolic capacity, power, resting metabolic rate, bone mineral density and overall physical function
High Intensity exercise
64
usually lasts 3-4 days and is most intense after eccentric contractions May be caused by very small muscle tears or injury to connective tissues/tendons Principle of overload: body adapts after rest and becomes stronger
Muscle Soreness
65
Features of Muscle aging
1. Muscle fibers get thinner 2. Muscular strength declines 3. Muscles get less flexible 4. Tolerance for exercise decreases 5. Ability to recover from injuries decrease.
66
Sarcopenia: age-related loss of both muscle fiber size and number of muscle fibers
Muscle fibers get thinner
67
Muscles contain less ATP, CP and glycogen reserves Have less strength and endurance, and fatigue more easily
Muscular strength declines
68
Fibrosis: age-related development of fibrous tissue, restricting movement and circulation
Muscles get less flexible
69
Related to decrease in ability to thermoregulate, and increase in tendency to fatigue
Tolerance for exercise decreases
70
Increase in fibrous tissue prevents injured tissue from healing optimally
Ability to recover from injuries decreases

Biology 3715 Final Exam (9,10,17,18,19,20) (8 decks)

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