Muscles

Question 1

Where is the liver located?

Answer 1

Upper right quadrant

Question 2

What are the roles of the liver?

Answer 2

Detoxifies drugs, deactivates hormones, breaks down hemoglobin, and processes proteins

Question 3

What happens to excess proteins in the liver?

Answer 3

They are deaminated, producing ammonia, then converted to urea for excretion

Question 4

What is the process of deamination?

Answer 4

Removing the amino group (NH2) from amino acids, converting it to ammonia

Question 5

Why is ammonia converted to urea?

Answer 5

Because ammonia is highly toxic

Question 6

What happens to the remaining part of amino acids after deamination?

Answer 6

Converted into carbohydrates

Question 7

What do sweat glands secrete daily?

Answer 7

About 500ml of water

Question 8

What is the composition of sweat?

Answer 8

Water, sodium chloride, lactic acid, and urea

Question 9

Where does sweat go after secretion?

Answer 9

To the hair follicle or skin surface via a duct

Question 10

What systems make up the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 10

Muscular system and skeletal system

Question 11

What do skeletal muscles do?

Answer 11

Attach to bones, move bones, enable voluntary movement, maintain posture

Question 12

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Answer 12

Connective tissue that provides structure and form to the body

Question 13

What are muscles made of?

Answer 13

Long, thin fibers that can contract

Question 14

What surrounds each muscle bundle?

Answer 14

Perimysium (connective tissue sheath)

Question 15

What holds all muscle bundles together?

Answer 15

Epimysium (connective tissue)

Question 16

What forms at the ends of muscle bundles?

Answer 16

Tendons

Question 17

What is the structure of a muscle cell?

Answer 17

Elongated cylinder with many nuclei and surrounded by sarcolemma

Question 18

What is sarcolemma?

Answer 18

Thin transparent plasma membrane surrounding muscle cells

Question 19

What is sarcoplasm?

Answer 19

Cytoplasm of muscle cells

Question 20

What are myofibrils?

Answer 20

Thread-like structures in sarcoplasm that lie parallel

Question 21

What surrounds myofibrils?

Answer 21

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

What are myofibrils made of?

Answer 22

Myofilaments: actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

Question 23

What are sarcomeres?

Answer 23

Functional units of myofibrils

Question 24

What happens to sarcomeres when muscles contract?

Answer 24

They shorten.

Question 25

How does the shortening of sarcomeres occur according to the sliding filament theory?

Answer 25

Actin and myosin filaments slide over one another.

Question 26

What are the protein discs located in the middle of actin filaments?

Answer 26

Z lines.

Question 27

What is the term for the length of a myosin filament?

Answer 27

A-band.

Question 28

Which section of the sarcomere contains only myosin filaments and no overlap with actin?

Answer 28

H-zone.

Question 29

What is the I-band composed of?

Answer 29

Only actin filaments (the space between myosin filaments).

Question 30

Which filaments slide over which others during muscle contraction?

Answer 30

Thin actin filaments slide over thick myosin filaments.

Question 31

Do myofilaments (actin and myosin) shorten themselves during muscle contraction?

Answer 31

No they stay the same length they just overlap more.

Question 32

What happens to the Z lines as a muscle contracts?

Answer 32

They get closer together.

Question 33

What energy molecule is used during muscle contraction?

Answer 33

ATP (and it forms ADP).

Question 34

How are skeletal muscles typically grouped?

Answer 34

In pairs.

Question 35

What is the term for paired muscles that have opposite actions?

Answer 35

Antagonists.

Question 36

What is the name for the end of the muscle fixed to the stationary bone?

Answer 36

Origin.

Question 37

What is the name for the muscle attached to the moveable bone?

Answer 37

Insertion.

Question 38

What is the fleshy section of a muscle called?

Answer 38

Belly.

Question 39

What is the muscle that causes the desired action called?

Answer 39

Agonist or prime mover.

Question 40

Which muscle in a pair relaxes when the prime mover contracts?

Answer 40

Antagonist.

Question 41

What are muscles that help the prime mover called?

Answer 41

Synergists.

Question 42

When a synergist immobilizes a joint what is it called?

Answer 42

A fixator.

Question 43

What is the role of a fixator?

Answer 43

It acts as a stabilizer of one part of the body during movement of another part.

Question 44

What is muscle tone?

Answer 44

Maintaining partial muscle contraction of skeletal muscles.

Question 45

Does muscle tone cause movement?

Answer 45

No it tightens the muscle but not enough for movement to occur.