Skeleton

Question 1

On average how many bones are in the human body?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

List three functions of bones.

Answer 2

Framework; attachment point for muscles (movement); storage of minerals (salts fats); blood cell production; protection

Question 3

At what age does a person’s bone mass typically stop growing?

Answer 3

Around age 30

Question 4

What happens to bone density after age 30?

Answer 4

It gradually decreases as bones lose calcium and other minerals.

Question 5

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 5

When the loss of bone mass (due to aging) becomes sufficient to impair normal functioning leading to increased fracture risk.

Question 6

Which bones are most commonly affected by osteoporosis?

Answer 6

Vertebrae ribs pelvis wrist and upper arm.

Question 7

List three ways to prevent osteoporosis.

Answer 7

Adequate calcium intake; adequate vitamin D (sunlight diet); exercise

Question 8

What is the main characteristic of osteoarthritis?

Answer 8

Deterioration of joint cartilage over time associated with aging leading to exposed bone surfaces and bony spurs.

Question 9

What are common symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Answer 9

Pain and stiffness in joints (worse after exercise/pressure); rubbing/grating/crackling sound when moving the joint.

Question 10

Is there a known cure for osteoarthritis?

Answer 10

No.

Question 11

What is the function of red marrow?

Answer 11

Produces blood cells through stem cells.

Question 12

Name a type of bone that protects organs.

Answer 12

Flat bones (e.g. cranium sternum).

Question 13

Give an example of a long bone.

Answer 13

Femur humerus radius tibia.

Question 14

What type of bone protects tendons?

Answer 14

Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella).

Question 15

List the main components of the axial skeleton.

Answer 15

Cranium vertebral column ribs sternum.

Question 16

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 16

Allows for articulation (movement) of the limbs and girdles.

Question 17

What is the main portion (shaft) of a long bone called?

Answer 17

Diaphysis.

Question 18

What is held within the medullary cavity of a long bone?

Answer 18

Yellow marrow.

Question 19

What covers the ends (epiphyses) of long bones?

Answer 19

A thin layer of articular cartilage.

Question 20

What is the thin white fibrous layer covering the bone except at joints?

Answer 20

Periosteum.

Question 21

What are the units of compact bone called?

Answer 21

Osteons or Haversian system.

Question 22

What are the spaces in compact bone that contain bone cells (osteocytes)?

Answer 22

Lacunae.

Question 23

How do materials pass between osteocytes in compact bone?

Answer 23

Through tiny canals called canaliculi.

Question 24

What are the irregular arrangements of bone in spongy/cancellous bone called?

Answer 24

Trabeculae.

Question 25

Does cartilage have blood vessels?

Answer 25

No it is avascular.

Question 26

What is the protein/carbohydrate complex found in cartilage matrix?

Answer 26

Chondrin.

Question 27

What are mature cartilage cells called?

Answer 27

Chondrocytes.

Question 28

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea

Answer 28

bronchi and at the ends of bones? Hyaline cartilage.

Question 29

Which type of cartilage provides flexible

Answer 29

elastic support like in the outer ear? Elastic cartilage.

Question 30

Which type of cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and the meniscus

Answer 30

and can be compressed? Fibrocartilage.

Question 31

What type of joint is immovable and held in place by connective tissue (e.g.

Answer 31

skull)? Fibrous/fixed joint.

Question 32

Give an example of a cartilaginous/slightly movable joint.

Answer 32

Intervertebral discs.

Question 33

What is the most common type of joint

Answer 33

allowing free movement? Synovial/freely movable joint.

Question 34

Name two types of synovial joints.

Answer 34

Ball and socket; hinge; pivot; gliding; saddle; condyloid.

Question 35

What type of synovial joint allows movement in one plane

Answer 35

like the elbow?Hinge joint.

Question 36

What structure within a synovial joint lubricates the joint and contains phagocytes?

Answer 36

Synovial fluid.

Question 37

What are the two layers of the articular capsule in a synovial joint?

Answer 37

Fibrous capsule (outer) and Synovial membrane (inner).

Question 38

Until what age does a person's bone mass typically continue to grow?

Answer 38

About age 30.

Question 39

What happens to bones after approximately age 30?

Answer 39

They gradually begin to deteriorate with a decrease in bone density as they lose calcium and other minerals.

Question 40

In which demographic is the gradual decrease in bone density more pronounced after age 30?

Answer 40

Women after menopause.

Question 41

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 41

A condition where the loss of bone mass (due to aging) becomes significant enough to impair normal bone functioning.

Question 42

What is the primary risk associated with decreased bone density in osteoporosis?

Answer 42

Increased risk of fractures even from minor falls.

Question 43

What might be the first sign of osteoporosis?

Answer 43

A broken bone.

Question 44

Name two bones most commonly affected by osteoporosis.

Answer 44

Vertebrae ribs pelvis wrist and upper arm.

Question 45

List three ways to prevent osteoporosis.

Answer 45

Adequate calcium intake (diet); adequate vitamin D (sunlight diet); exercise.

Question 46

Besides lifestyle changes what else can be used to prevent or treat osteoporosis?

Answer 46

Medication.

Question 47

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 47

A change in the joint associated with aging where joint cartilage deteriorates exposing and wearing away bone surfaces.

Question 48

What happens to the joint cavity space and movement in osteoarthritis?

Answer 48

The space within the joint cavity decreases restricting movement at the joint.

Question 49

What are two common causes or results leading to osteoarthritis?

Answer 49

Irritation of the joints; wear and abrasion.

Question 50

When do symptoms of osteoarthritis often appear?

Answer 50

In middle age (most people have symptoms by age 70).

Question 51

What is the gender prevalence of osteoarthritis before age 55 compared to after age 55?

Answer 51

Before 55 it occurs equally in men and women. After 55 it is more common in women.

Question 52

Describe two common symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Answer 52

Pain and stiffness in joints (more severe after exercise or when weight/pressure is applied); a rubbing grating or crackling sound when moving the joint.

Question 53

Is there a known cure for osteoarthritis?

Answer 53

No.

Question 54

List two treatment options for osteoarthritis.

Answer 54

Medication (to relieve pain); physiotherapy; surgery to re-align bones; joint replacement surgery.