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Anatomy > muscles 4 > Flashcards

muscles 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What two things is muscle performance considered in terms of?

A

Force and Endurance

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2
Q

muscle performance and force

A
  • power, strength

- max alt of tension produced by a muscle or muscle group

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3
Q

endurance and muscle performance

A

amt of time during which an indiv. can performa particular activity

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4
Q

Factors that determine performance capabilities of a skeletal muscle

A
  • types of muscle fiber present in the muscle

- physical conditioning or training

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5
Q

Type I fibers

A
  • slow fibers

- slow twitch oxidative fivers

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6
Q

Type II-A fibers

A
  • intermediate fibers
  • fast twitch oxidative fibers
  • fast fibers w/ greater endurance capability
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7
Q

Type II-B

A
  • fast fibers
  • fast twitch glycolytic fibers
  • greater capacity for anaerobic metabolism
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8
Q

slow fibers (red)

A
  • half the diameter of fast fibers
  • take 3x as long to contract after stimulation
  • abundant mitochondria
  • extensive capillary supply
  • high concentrations of myoglobin
  • can contract for long periods of time
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9
Q

what does abundant mitochondria do in slow fibers?

A

allows aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism

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10
Q

what does high concentrations of myoglobin do in slow fibers

A

-greater oxygen reserve and oxygen diffusion, more readily available

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11
Q

fast fibers (white)

A
  • large in diameter
  • contain densely packed myofibrils
  • large glycogen reserves
  • relatively few mitochondria
  • produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration
  • fatigue rapidly
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12
Q

what do small amounts of mitochondria do in a fast fiber?

A

causes anaerobic, glycolytic metabolism

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13
Q

intermediate fibers

A
  • fast fibers that gain greater resistance to fatigue
  • additional capillary supply
  • more mitochondria
  • smaller diameter
  • not as dependent on anaerobic metabolism
  • can be trained
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14
Q

How is the percentage of slow and fast fibers determined?

A

genetically and can vary considerably among muscles

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15
Q

Which fibers can change due to training?

A

fast with intermediate properties

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16
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in diameter of muscle with use

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17
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in diameter of muscle

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18
Q

does the number of muscle fibers change under normal conditions?

A

no, we don’t produce new muscle cells

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19
Q

why does change in diameter of muscles change?

A
  • increase or decrease depending on level of activity over time
  • increased activity leads to synthesis of more actin and myosin myofilaments
  • decreased activity leads to loss of actin and myosin filaments
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20
Q

what does long term disuse of muscles lead to?

A

irreversible atrophy in muscle if muscle cells die

21
Q

physical conditioning, anaerobic endurance

A

time period in which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis after depleting ATP/CP

22
Q

physical conditioning, aerobic endurance

A

time period in which muscle can continue to contract while supported by activities after depleting ATP/CP reserves

23
Q

physical conditioning, improve anaerobic endurance

A
  • frequent brief, intensive workouts
  • increase muscle mass
  • ATP/CP reserves
  • glycogen reserves
  • ability to tolerate lactic acid buildup
24
Q

physical conditioning improve aerobic endurance

A

sustained low levels of activity

  • increase bloody supply to muscles
  • improve cardiovascular activity
25
Q

What happens to muscles with age?

A
  • decrease in size, strength and endurance of muscles
  • skeletal muscle becomes less elastic
  • tolerance for exercise decreases
  • ability to recover from muscular injuries decreases
26
Q

why do muscles decrease in size and strength with age?

A
  • reduction in size decreases the number of myofibrils

- decrease in endurance due to less ATP, CP, glycogen, and myoglobin

27
Q

Why does skeletal muscle become less elastic with age?

A

develop increasing amounts of fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis)

28
Q

Why does tolerance for exercise decrease with age?

A
  • Muscles fatigue more quickly

- reduction in thermoregulatory ability, thus are subject to over heating

29
Q

Why does the ability to recover from injuries decrease with age?

A
  • number of satellite cells decreases with age

- repair capabilities become more limited, more scar tissue (fibrous tissue) formation occurs

30
Q

Primary muscle disorders

A

result from problems with the muscular system itself

  • muscle trauma
  • muscle infections
  • inherited disorders
  • tumors
31
Q

Secondary disorders

A

result in problems originating in

  • nervous system disorders
  • nutritional or metabolic problems
  • cardiovascular disorders
32
Q

Muscular system disorders

A

1) muscle spasm
2) muscle spasticity
3) muscle flaccidity
4) muscle atrophy
5) myositis
6) strain
7) paralysis

33
Q

muscle spasm

A

(cramp) strong sudden usually painful, unwanted contraction

34
Q

muscle spasticity

A

excessive muscle tone

35
Q

muscle flaccidity

A

very low muscle tone

36
Q

muscle atrophy

A

deterioration or wasting due to disuse, immobility, or interference with normal motor neuron innervation

37
Q

myositis

A

muscle inflammation

-polymyositis and dermatomyositis= autoimmune

38
Q

strain

A

tears in muscle tissue

-sparin tears in ligament or tendon or joint capsule

39
Q

paralysis

A

loss of voluntary motor control

-flaccid or spastic

40
Q

nervous system disorders that affect the coordination or control of muscle contraction

A
  • blockage of release of ACh (botulism
  • Interference with binding of ACh to receptors
  • Interference with AChE activity
  • loss of motor neuron (polio)
  • loss of motor neuron axon-peripheral nerve damage
  • excessive stimulation of motor neuron (e.g. tetanus)
41
Q

flaccid paralysis examples

A
  • blockage of release of ACh (botulism
  • Interference with binding of ACh to receptors
  • loss of motor neuron (polio)
  • loss of motor neuron axon-peripheral nerve damage
42
Q

spastic paralysis examples

A

-Interference with AChE activity

excessive stimulation of motor neuron (e.g. tetanus)

43
Q

inherited muscular disorders

A
  • Muscular dystrophies

- myotonic dystrophy

44
Q

muscular dystrophies

A

muscle structure is compromised, problem with how muscle proteins are structured

  • duchennes MD
  • early onset
45
Q

myotonic dystrophy

A

chromosome 19 disorder

-typically onset is after puberty

46
Q

Muscle trauma

A
  • minor trauma
  • major trauma
  • new muscle cel production from satellite cells-limited ability
  • scar tissue formation
  • compartment syndrome
47
Q

minor muscle trauma

A

damage to myofibrils, sarcolemma from excessive activity

48
Q

major muscle trauma

A

laceration, crushing, deep bruise, muscle tear (strain)

Anatomy (12 decks)

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