Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Autoregulation (intrinsic)
systems involved
A
cells, tissues, or organ systems, localized response
2
Q
Extrinsic regulation systems involved
A
- Nervous system or endocrine system
- sends signals to cells, tissue,s organs, or organ systems
- results in widespread response
3
Q
causes of homeostatic mechanisms being pushed outside of normal limits and results
A
- infection, injury, genetic abnormality
- disease, death
4
Q
what are symptoms
A
-subjective
what a person describes or measures that’s not easily measurable
5
Q
what are signs
A
- objective
- what is physically observable or measureable
6
Q
Cell membrane functions
A
- physical isolation
- selectively permeable membrane to regulate w/ environment
- sensitivity and recognition
- structural support
7
Q
what’s glycocalyx
A
on extracellular surface of cell membrane
-sugar groups attached to membrane lipids and membrane proteins
8
Q
Function of membrane proteins and carbs
A
- transport proteins
- channel proteins
- anchoring
- cell identity
- receptors
9
Q
proteasomes
A
digest damaged or abnormal proteins
10
Q
peroxisomes
A
enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins
11
Q
lysosomes
A
vesicles w/ multiple types of enzymes
- digens organelles, engulfed materials,
- responsibly for autolysis of injured cells
12
Q
Differentiation
A
production of specialized cells by turning certain genes on and off
13
Q
germinative cells
A
adult stem cells in tissues for grown and repair
14
Q
four types of tissues
A
neural, muscle, epithelial, connective
15
Q
Connective tissue
A
- structural framework
- transports materials
- protects and supports organs
- interconnects and supports other tissues
- stores energy reserves
- defense agains invading microogranism
16
Q
Epithelium intracellular connections
A
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
17
Q
desmosomes
A
really strong connections
18
Q
gap junctions
A
-have holes that move around the cell
19
Q
exocrine glands
A
secrete through ducts onto the surface of the epithelium
20
Q
endocrine glands
A
release hormones into surrounding interisital fluid, which diffuses through the blood stream
21
Q
Merocrine
A
product released through exocytosis
22
Q
apocrine
A
involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm
23
Q
holocrine
A
destroys the cell
24
Q
ph of blood
A
7.35-7.45
25
acidosis
abnormally low blood pH
26
Alkalosis
abnormally high blood pH
27
Carbohydrates
C,H,O
28
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
29
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose
30
polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
31
lipids
C, H, O,
32
fatty acids
saturate, unsaturated, omega-3
33
triglycerides
3(fatty acids and glycerol)
| -fats and oils
34
prostaglandins, leukotrienes
signaling molecules coordinating local cellular activities
35
glycoproteins
large protein molecules with carbohydrate groups attached
- antibodies
- hormones
- mucus
36
proteoglycans
large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains
| -important thickening agent for tissue fluids
37
functions of proteins
structural
- contractile
- transport
- enzymes
- buffering
- antibodies
38
purines
adenine, guanine
39
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymin, uracil
40
Cutaneous membrane
epidermis- which consists of epithelial tissue
| dermis- consists of connective tissue
41
subcutaneous layer
made of connective tissue
42
accessory structures
hair follicles
- nails
- exocrine glands
43
The epidermis include cells such as
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- langerhans cells (involved w/ immune system)
- merkel cells )involved with touch embedded in the dermis
44
Dermis connective tissue proper layers
papillary layer and reticular layer
45
papillary layer
thin layer of loose areoler connective tissue
46
Reticular layer
thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
47
dermis function
structural strength and elasticity
| -collagen, reticular, and elastic
48
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
connects skin to underlying tissues
- loose fibrous connective tissue for strength and elasticity
- contains fat for padding and insulation, blood vessels and nerves
49
Integumentary system and nutrient storage role
- synthesis of membranes and lipid hormones
| - ATP production in mitochondria via breakdown of fatty acids
50
Integumentary and temp regulation
- dermis layer blood vessels dilate and constrict
- sweat glands secrete water
- subQ insulating layer of fat
51
Integ and excretion
sweat glands secrete waste products along w/ other molecules
| -water, electrolytes, and organic wastes
52
integ and vit D synthesis
Look at figure
53
Nocicepters
free nerve endings sense pain
54
thermoreceptors
free nerve endings sense temp
55
sensory detection
laminated (pacinian) corpuscles
- tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
- Tactile disks (Merkel's discs and Merkel cells)
- Hair root plexus
56
Corneum layer
oldest cells
57
Cutaneous plexus
vessels located at border between subQ layer and dermis
58
subpapillary plexus
vessels at dermis-epidermis border
| -supply nutrients and oxygen to epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures
59
contusion
bruise
| -rupture of blood vessels
60
vellus hairs
peach fuzz
61
terminal hairs
heavy
62
club hair
no longer growing
63
Hair medulla
dead cells with soft keratin and melanin
64
hair cortex
dead cells with hard keratin and melanin
65
cuticle
superficial protective layer of overlapping, dead keratinized cells
66
Hair follicle walls
internal root sheath
external root sheath
glassy membrane
67
Internal root sheath
produced by cells at periphery of hair matrix
68
external root sheath
extension of epidermis from surface of skin down to hair matrix
69
glassy membrande
basal lamina connecting hair sheath (epidermis) to surrounding dermis
70
Arrector pili muscles
extend from papillary layer of dermis to connective tissue sheath surrounding follicle smooth muscle
71
root hair plexus
sensory nerves surrounding base of each hair follicle
72
aprocine
sweat glands secreting lipids
| -open into hair follicles
73
sebaceous
oil glands
74
sudoriferous sweat glands
merocirne and apocrine glands
75
meocrine sweat glands secreations
open onto skin surface, sensible perspiration
76
chondrocytes
located in lacunae, cartilage cells
77
why are chondrocytes avascular
anti-angiogenesis factor
78
perichondrium
surrounds chondrocytes
79
cartilage growth and repair
interstitial and appositional
80
intersitial repair of chondrocytes
enlarges from within
81
appositional repair
growth at surface
| -cells in inner layer of perichondrium divide
82
bone cells
osteocytes
83
bone matrix
collagen fibers and calcium salts
84
bone covering
periosteum
85
Osteoprogenitior
stencils that differentiate into osteoblasts
86
osteoblasts
synthesize new matrix
| -osteogenesis
87
osteocytes
mature bone cells
| -in lacunae connected by canaliculi
88
osteoclasts
dissolve bone matrix
| -osteolysis
89
marrow carvities are filled with
red marrow and yellow marrow
90
yellow marrow
adipose connective tissue
91
red marrow
fluid connective tissue, red and white blood cells and blood stem cells
92
intramembranous ossification
bone develops within mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue
- osteoblasts differentiate in embryonic tissue and create ossification centers
- forms flat bones
93
endochondral ossification
during embryogenesis, hyaline cartilage forms first
| -cartilage is replaced by bone
94
epiphyseal plate growth
cartilage on epiphysis side and ossification on diaphysis side
95
percent of bone replaced per year
20%
96
growth hormone and bone
from pituitary gland
| -stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth through out body
97
thyroxine and bone
from thyroid gland
| -increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblast activity
98
sex hormones and bone
can cause epiphyseal plate closure
99
PTH and Ca
increases blood Ca levels
100
Calcitonin
from thyroid gland
| -decreases blood Ca levels
101
Osteopenia
reduction in bone mass
