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Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

systems involved

A

cells, tissues, or organ systems, localized response

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2
Q

Extrinsic regulation systems involved

A
  • Nervous system or endocrine system
  • sends signals to cells, tissue,s organs, or organ systems
  • results in widespread response
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3
Q

causes of homeostatic mechanisms being pushed outside of normal limits and results

A
  • infection, injury, genetic abnormality

- disease, death

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4
Q

what are symptoms

A

-subjective

what a person describes or measures that’s not easily measurable

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5
Q

what are signs

A
  • objective

- what is physically observable or measureable

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6
Q

Cell membrane functions

A
  • physical isolation
  • selectively permeable membrane to regulate w/ environment
  • sensitivity and recognition
  • structural support
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7
Q

what’s glycocalyx

A

on extracellular surface of cell membrane

-sugar groups attached to membrane lipids and membrane proteins

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8
Q

Function of membrane proteins and carbs

A
  • transport proteins
  • channel proteins
  • anchoring
  • cell identity
  • receptors
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9
Q

proteasomes

A

digest damaged or abnormal proteins

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10
Q

peroxisomes

A

enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles w/ multiple types of enzymes

  • digens organelles, engulfed materials,
  • responsibly for autolysis of injured cells
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12
Q

Differentiation

A

production of specialized cells by turning certain genes on and off

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13
Q

germinative cells

A

adult stem cells in tissues for grown and repair

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14
Q

four types of tissues

A

neural, muscle, epithelial, connective

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15
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • structural framework
  • transports materials
  • protects and supports organs
  • interconnects and supports other tissues
  • stores energy reserves
  • defense agains invading microogranism
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16
Q

Epithelium intracellular connections

A
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
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17
Q

desmosomes

A

really strong connections

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18
Q

gap junctions

A

-have holes that move around the cell

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19
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete through ducts onto the surface of the epithelium

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20
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones into surrounding interisital fluid, which diffuses through the blood stream

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21
Q

Merocrine

A

product released through exocytosis

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22
Q

apocrine

A

involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm

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23
Q

holocrine

A

destroys the cell

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24
Q

ph of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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25
Q

acidosis

A

abnormally low blood pH

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26
Q

Alkalosis

A

abnormally high blood pH

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27
Q

Carbohydrates

A

C,H,O

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28
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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29
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose

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30
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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31
Q

lipids

A

C, H, O,

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32
Q

fatty acids

A

saturate, unsaturated, omega-3

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33
Q

triglycerides

A

3(fatty acids and glycerol)

-fats and oils

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34
Q

prostaglandins, leukotrienes

A

signaling molecules coordinating local cellular activities

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35
Q

glycoproteins

A

large protein molecules with carbohydrate groups attached

  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • mucus
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36
Q

proteoglycans

A

large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains

-important thickening agent for tissue fluids

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37
Q

functions of proteins

A

structural

  • contractile
  • transport
  • enzymes
  • buffering
  • antibodies
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38
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

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39
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymin, uracil

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40
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

epidermis- which consists of epithelial tissue

dermis- consists of connective tissue

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41
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

made of connective tissue

42
Q

accessory structures

A

hair follicles

  • nails
  • exocrine glands
43
Q

The epidermis include cells such as

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • langerhans cells (involved w/ immune system)
  • merkel cells )involved with touch embedded in the dermis
44
Q

Dermis connective tissue proper layers

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

45
Q

papillary layer

A

thin layer of loose areoler connective tissue

46
Q

Reticular layer

A

thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

dermis function

A

structural strength and elasticity

-collagen, reticular, and elastic

48
Q

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A

connects skin to underlying tissues

  • loose fibrous connective tissue for strength and elasticity
  • contains fat for padding and insulation, blood vessels and nerves
49
Q

Integumentary system and nutrient storage role

A
  • synthesis of membranes and lipid hormones

- ATP production in mitochondria via breakdown of fatty acids

50
Q

Integumentary and temp regulation

A
  • dermis layer blood vessels dilate and constrict
  • sweat glands secrete water
  • subQ insulating layer of fat
51
Q

Integ and excretion

A

sweat glands secrete waste products along w/ other molecules

-water, electrolytes, and organic wastes

52
Q

integ and vit D synthesis

A

Look at figure

53
Q

Nocicepters

A

free nerve endings sense pain

54
Q

thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings sense temp

55
Q

sensory detection

A

laminated (pacinian) corpuscles

  • tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
  • Tactile disks (Merkel’s discs and Merkel cells)
  • Hair root plexus
56
Q

Corneum layer

A

oldest cells

57
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

vessels located at border between subQ layer and dermis

58
Q

subpapillary plexus

A

vessels at dermis-epidermis border

-supply nutrients and oxygen to epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures

59
Q

contusion

A

bruise

-rupture of blood vessels

60
Q

vellus hairs

A

peach fuzz

61
Q

terminal hairs

A

heavy

62
Q

club hair

A

no longer growing

63
Q

Hair medulla

A

dead cells with soft keratin and melanin

64
Q

hair cortex

A

dead cells with hard keratin and melanin

65
Q

cuticle

A

superficial protective layer of overlapping, dead keratinized cells

66
Q

Hair follicle walls

A

internal root sheath
external root sheath
glassy membrane

67
Q

Internal root sheath

A

produced by cells at periphery of hair matrix

68
Q

external root sheath

A

extension of epidermis from surface of skin down to hair matrix

69
Q

glassy membrande

A

basal lamina connecting hair sheath (epidermis) to surrounding dermis

70
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

extend from papillary layer of dermis to connective tissue sheath surrounding follicle smooth muscle

71
Q

root hair plexus

A

sensory nerves surrounding base of each hair follicle

72
Q

aprocine

A

sweat glands secreting lipids

-open into hair follicles

73
Q

sebaceous

A

oil glands

74
Q

sudoriferous sweat glands

A

merocirne and apocrine glands

75
Q

meocrine sweat glands secreations

A

open onto skin surface, sensible perspiration

76
Q

chondrocytes

A

located in lacunae, cartilage cells

77
Q

why are chondrocytes avascular

A

anti-angiogenesis factor

78
Q

perichondrium

A

surrounds chondrocytes

79
Q

cartilage growth and repair

A

interstitial and appositional

80
Q

intersitial repair of chondrocytes

A

enlarges from within

81
Q

appositional repair

A

growth at surface

-cells in inner layer of perichondrium divide

82
Q

bone cells

A

osteocytes

83
Q

bone matrix

A

collagen fibers and calcium salts

84
Q

bone covering

A

periosteum

85
Q

Osteoprogenitior

A

stencils that differentiate into osteoblasts

86
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize new matrix

-osteogenesis

87
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

-in lacunae connected by canaliculi

88
Q

osteoclasts

A

dissolve bone matrix

-osteolysis

89
Q

marrow carvities are filled with

A

red marrow and yellow marrow

90
Q

yellow marrow

A

adipose connective tissue

91
Q

red marrow

A

fluid connective tissue, red and white blood cells and blood stem cells

92
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone develops within mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue

  • osteoblasts differentiate in embryonic tissue and create ossification centers
  • forms flat bones
93
Q

endochondral ossification

A

during embryogenesis, hyaline cartilage forms first

-cartilage is replaced by bone

94
Q

epiphyseal plate growth

A

cartilage on epiphysis side and ossification on diaphysis side

95
Q

percent of bone replaced per year

A

20%

96
Q

growth hormone and bone

A

from pituitary gland

-stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth through out body

97
Q

thyroxine and bone

A

from thyroid gland

-increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblast activity

98
Q

sex hormones and bone

A

can cause epiphyseal plate closure

99
Q

PTH and Ca

A

increases blood Ca levels

100
Q

Calcitonin

A

from thyroid gland

-decreases blood Ca levels

101
Q

Osteopenia

A

reduction in bone mass

Anatomy (12 decks)

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