Muscles Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Calcium is stored in what part of muscle fiber
A
smooth ER
2
Q
In smooth muscle, Ca++ binds to
A
CALMODULIN (no troponin)
3
Q
muscle that aids the prime mover
A
synergist
4
Q
lastissumus dorsi (agonist or antagonist)
A
antagonist (extension)
5
Q
muscles have single or multiple nucleus
A
multinuclear
6
Q
membrane that surrounds entire muscle
A
epimysium
7
Q
what system controls the heart
A
ANS
8
Q
irreversible atrophy
A
muscle turns to collagen
9
Q
muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action
A
agonsit (prime mover)
10
Q
no motor neurons exist in cardiac, skeletal or smooth muscle
A
smooth muscle
11
Q
how is smooth muscle controlled
A
ANS
12
Q
cardiac muscle contracts via
A
SA node
13
Q
shorter and thicker sarcomeres exist in (cardiac or skeletal)
A
cardiac muscle
14
Q
pectoralis major (agonist or antagonist)
A
agonist (flexion)
15
Q
what type of muscle does not have motor neuron innervation
A
cardiac muscle
16
Q
an alternate source of energy used by the cardiac muscle in times of oxygen interruption
A
lactic acid
17
Q
sarcomeres are not found in what muscle type
A
smooth
18
Q
muscle myofilaments consist of
A
actin and myosin
19
Q
one neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates
A
motor unit
20
Q
membrane surrounds individual muscle fiber
A
endomysium
21
Q
Motor unit can be defined as
A
of muscle cells controlled by 1 nerve cell
22
Q
how does the cardiac muscle make ATP
A
oxygen
23
Q
load is moved in what type of muscle contraction (isometric or isotonic)
A
isotonic
24
Q
muscle that opposes the prime mover
A
antagonist
25
Part of muscle that conducts nerve signals (action potentials) into and excites sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules in sarcolemma (cell membrane of muscle fiber)
26
enzyme activated by CALMODULIN
light chain myokinase
27
What muscle attachment is relatively mobile
insertion (typically distal)
28
extensors are located on what side of the body
dorsal (except knee)
29
light chain myokinase
phosphorylates myosin
30
Motor neurons innervate what type of muscles
skeletal muscles
31
sarcomeres in what muscle type (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
skeletal and cardiac (NOT smooth)
32
L.M.N. muscle
skeletal; smooth (sometimes)
33
Fives ways to learn muscles
location shape direction (fibers) # heads (ceps) size
34
large motor unit is defined as
one neuron + many non-specific muscle cells
35
calcium contributes to what functions
muscle contraction
nerve conduction
heartbeat
clotting
bones
36
calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum when
signal received action potential that travels down t-tubule
37
Rough ER is involved in the synthesis of
proteins
38
muscles push or pull or both
pull only
39
large motor units are responsible for what type of movements
gross motor movements (posture, muscle tone)
40
Muscle is a considered an
organ
41
less developed SR exists in cardiac or skeletal muscle
cardiac
42
Rough ER produces proteins involved in what type of functions
export
43
Three types of muscles
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
44
Action potentials come from
motor neuron
45
response where muscle is able to be stretched but adapt to its new length (retains ability to contract)
stress-relaxation response in smooth muscle
46
when bringing the muscle back down, tension is still constant but the muscle is lengthening (name of contraction)
eccentric contraction
47
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for
Ca ++
48
reversible atrophy
can build
49
Three characteristics of muscle tissue
Sends action potential
Contracts
Stretches
50
when you first begin to lift a dumbbell with your arm (name of contraction)
isometric contraction
51
slow, low force, wave-like, continuous contractions in cardiac, smooth or skeletal muscle
smooth
52
no sarcomeres exist in cardiac, skeletal or smooth muscle
smooth muscle
53
the turning off and on of motor units is responsible for
muscle tone
54
Smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of
lipids
55
What is the prime mover
agonist
56
Membrane of muscle fiber
sarcolemma
57
Striation of muscle depends on
arrangement of myofilaments
58
Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
sarcoplasm
59
concentric contraction
isotonic, load is moved and muscle shortens
60
type of muscle in the digestive tract, urinary tract, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, reproductive system
smooth muscle
61
hypertrophy
muscle cells enlarge, more myofibrils
62
Name the two points of muscle attachment
origin and insertion
63
muscle contraction where muscles do not shorten
isometric
64
serve as gap junctions and mechanical junctions in cardiac muscle
intercalated disks
65
Infoldings of sarcolemma
T-tubules
66
flexors are located on what side of the body
ventral (except knee)
67
what muscle types(s) can regenerate
smooth muscle, skeletal (not well)
68
tension increases in what type of contraction
isometric
69
t-tubules are larger in skeletal or cardiac muscle
cardiac
70
A joint can move only if
a muscle crosses the joint
71
what is admitted into the muscle from extracellular fluid (in cardiac muscle)
Ca++
72
Ca++ diffuses into what muscles from extracellular fluid
smooth and cardiac
73
small motor units are responsible for what type of movements
fine motor movements (fingers, eyes)
74
atrophy
smaller muscle cells due to non-use, lack of innervation, loss of myofibrils
75
Muscle sit underneath what layers
skin (epidermis and dermis)
hypodermis
deep fascia
76
constant tension
isotonic
77
no T-tubules and very little SR in cardiac, smooth or skeletal muscle
smooth
78
Smooth ER of a muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum
79
muscle contraction where muscles do shorten
isotonic
80
small motor unit
one neuron + few specific muscle cells
81
what muscle contains more mitochondria (smooth, cardiac or skeletal)
cardiac
82
Surrounds fascicle
perimysium
83
Collection of muscle fibers
muscle fascicle
84
prevents cells from coming apart during contraction and directly stimulates its neighbors
intercalated disks
85
muscle that prevents a bone from moving
fixator (i.e. scapula prevented from moving when biceps move radius)
86
Action potentials comes from what
motor neuron
87
Muscle is composed of
fascicles \> fibers (cell) \> myofibrils \> myofilaments
88
What muscle attachment does not move
origin (typically proximal)
89
myocardium, aorta, vena cava are made from what type of muscle
cardiac
90
muscle type that appears as shorter fibers with transverse striations running parallel and connected by complex junctions, single, central nucleus
cardiac
91
activity of what muscle type with strong, quick, continuous rhythmic contractions
cardiac
92
stimulation of this muscle type that is involuntary; intrinsically stimulated and propagated; modified by ANS
cardiac
93
stimulation of this muscle by ANS or enteric nervous system
smooth
94
walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels, iris, and ciliary body of the eye, attached to hair follicles of the skin (arrector muscle)
smooth
95
96
activity of muscle that is intermitent contraction above a baseline tonus; acts to produce movement (isotonic) through shortening (concentric) or controlled relaxation (eccentric), maintain position against gravity or other resistance without force (isometric)
skeletal
97
stimulation by somatic nervous system
voluntary
