MUSCLES AND BONES:

Question 1

Number of bones & Muscles

Answer 1

• Over 200 bones: Over 600 muscles

* Skeletal muscles: pull on the bones to create movement

Question 2

Bones:

Answer 2

any of the pieces of hard white tissue making up the Skelton in humans

Question 3

Muscles:

Answer 3

A band or bundle of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of the parts of the body

Question 4

Ligaments:

Answer 4

tough fibrous bands that cross over joints and connect bones

Question 5

Tendon:

Answer 5

Attaches a muscle to the bone

Question 6

Functional anatomy:

Answer 6

the study of the body components required to achieve or perform a human movement or function

Question 7

Body Segments:

Answer 7

parts of the body that move; head, neck, arms etc.

Question 8

Anatomical position:

Answer 8

a body is stationary, head to front, feet shoulder width apart, and arms slightly away from sides of the body with palms facing forward. All movement can be described from this position

Question 9

Axial skeleton:

Answer 9

used for protection and also form the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton

Question 10

Appendicular skeleton:

Answer 10

used for movement

Question 11

Joints:

Answer 11

where bones meet bones, described based on how much movement they permit

Question 12

3 major joints

Answer 12

• Immovable or fibrous: skull
• Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints: ears
• Freely movable or SYNOVIAL: covered with cartilage and the cavity contains lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) e.g. Elbow, knee

Question 13

Functions of skeleton:

Answer 13

• Protection
• Movement
• To produce red blood cells
• Support/ structure
• Stores nutrients

Question 14

Functions of muscular system:

Answer 14

• To create movement: as skeletal muscles pull on bones
• To maintain posture: through the coordinated contraction of appropriate muscles and stabilising ligament structures
• To maintain bodily functions: including blood circulation by the heart muscle, digestion controlled by stomach muscles and breathing, initiated by diagram and chest muscle

Question 15

Flexibility is determined by:

Answer 15

• The bone structure of the joint
• The muscle bulk around the joint
• The elasticity of ligaments and tendons around and within the joint

Question 16

SYNOVIAL Joints

Answer 16

Hinge joints: 
Ball and socket joints
Pivot joints
Saddle joints: 
Ovoid/ellipsoid joints
Gliding Joints:

Question 17

Hinge joints:

Answer 17

the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone in such a way that movement is only possible in one plane (flexion and extension. Example: elbow, knee)

Question 18

Ball and socket joints:

Answer 18

the ball of one bone fits into the cup or socket of the other. This allows a larger range movement than other joint joints (Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation. Example: hip, shoulder)

Question 19

Pivot joints:

Answer 19

the ring-shaped structure fits into the pivot like a structure of another bone and allows only rotational movement around the longitudinal axis of the bones involved (rotational movement. Examples: forearm, neck)

Question 20

Saddle joints:

Answer 20

the saddle-like structure of one bone fits into the saddle like a structure of another bone (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction (circumduction). Examples: knuckles between phalanges and metacarpals and the thumb)

Question 21

Ovoid/ellipsoid joints:

Answer 21

the oval shaped head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity on another bone to allow movement through two planes (flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. Examples: wrist (carpals and bones of a forearm))

Question 22

Gliding Joints:

Answer 22

the bone surfaces are almost flat and only very slight gliding movement can occur e.g. the carpals of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle

Question 23

FIBRES:

The major differences are

Answer 23

• Speed of Contraction: slow-twitch (red) fibres contract at a much slower rate than fast twitch (white) fibres
• Muscle Fibre force: White fibres are larger than red fibres and therefore generate greater force and more powerful contractions
• Muscle endurance: red fibres contract more slowly than white and therefore can contract repeatedly for prolonged periods of time while white fibres are easily fatigued

Question 24

Anatomical positions:

Answer 24

Medial-lateral: near the midline-away from the midline
Anterior-posterior: forward-backward
Superior-inferior: upward-downward
Superficial-deep: nearer the surface0further away from the surface of the body
Distal-proximal: further away from the attachment point of a limb closer to the attachment point of the limb
Plantar-dorsal: sole of the foot-top of the foot
Palmar-dorsal: palm of hand-back of hand

Question 25

Movements of the synovial joints:

Answer 25

Flexion: bending, decreasing the angle between the two bones
Extension: straightening, increasing the angle between the two bones
Abduction: moving the bone away from the midline of the body (either in vertical or horizontal test)
Adduction: moving the bone toward the midline of the body
Circumduction: moving the bone so that the end describes a circle- resembling a cone shape
Rotation: moving a bone around its own longitudinal axis
Supination: moving the forearms so the radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation: moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna cross over
Eversion: moving the sole of the foot outwards at the ankle joint
Inversion: moving the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle
Plantar flexion: moving the top of the foot away from the tibia by pointing the toes
Dorsiflexion: moving the top of the foot towards the tibia
Elevation: raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to head
Depression: lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to head

Question 26

Muscle contractions:

Answer 26

AGONIST: (aka Prime mover) Muscle that, when contracted, are responsible for the movement
ANTAGONIST: The muscles that create the opposite movement to that created by an agonist prime mover
RECIPROCAL MUSCLE: (aka antagonist) the muscles that relax to allow movement created by an agonist prime mover
RECIPROCAL ACTION: The opposite action to that created by the prime, moving action.
(Agonist and antagonists are concerned with muscle action in one movement ie. Performing a bicep curl and then returning it to its original position. Reciprocal action is concerned with a different and opposite movement ie. Triceps extension exercise)