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VAP II > Muscles and tendons thoracic limb > Flashcards

Muscles and tendons thoracic limb Flashcards

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1
Q

The Synsarcotic Suspensory Apparatus is also known as the pectoral girdle or ______ _______. This unites of parts of skeleton by muscles.

A

Muscular sling

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2
Q

What five muscles are involved in the muscular sling?

strop

A
  1. serratus ventralis
  2. trapezius
  3. rhomboideus
  4. omotransversarius
  5. pectoralis profundis
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3
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Trapezius (cervical part)

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4
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Trapezius (thoracic part)

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5
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the trapezius (cervical part).

A

Origin

  • Cervical vertebra 3 to thoracic vertebra 2, median tendinous raphe and supraspinous ligament

Insertion

  • Spine of scapula including acromion
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6
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the trapezius (thoracic part)

A

Origin

  • Supraspinous ligament and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae 3 to 9

Insertion

  • Proximal third of the spine of the scapula into an Aponeurosis
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7
Q

What is the main action of the trapezius muscle?

A

Elevates and protracts (advances) the limb. Stabilises the shoulder joint. Assists in abduction of the limb.

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8
Q

What is this muscle (2 parts)?

A

Rhomboideus (cervicis and capitis)

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboideus (cervicus)?

A

Rhomboideus cervicus

Origin

  • tendinous raphe and spinous processes of cervical vertebra 2 to thoracic vertebra 3

Insertion

  • medial aspect of dorsal margin of scapula near cranial angle
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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboideus capitis?

A

Origin

  • cranial to cervical vertebrae 4

Insertion

  • occiput of skull
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11
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of Rhomboideus thoracis

A

Origin

  • spinous process of thoracic vertebrae 4 to 7

Insertion

  • medial aspect of dorsal margin of the scapula
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12
Q

What is the action of the rhomboideus muscle?

A
  • Elevates the thoracic limb.
  • Pulls the limb and cranially (advance) and caudally (retract).
  • Adducts the scapula.
  • When the shoulder is fixed (i.e. weight-bearing) it can raise the neck.
  • Transmits movement from forelimb to neck participating in walking and nodding movements of the head.
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13
Q

What are the two parts of the serratus ventralis muscle?

A

Cervical and thoracic parts

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14
Q

What is the name of this muscle?

A

Serratus ventralis

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15
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the cervical part of the serratus ventralis.

A

Origin

  • Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 3 to 7

Insertion

  • Facies serrata of scapula
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16
Q

describe the origin and insertion of the thoracic part of the serratus ventralis.

A

Origin

  • ribs 1-8

Insertion

  • Facies serrata of scapula
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17
Q

What is the action of the serratus ventralis?

A
  • Forms the most important component of the muscular sling of the trunk. At a fast gait and when jumping, acts like a trampoline, cushioning the trunk as it is launched forwards.
  • When the limbs are fixed the cervical part (working bilaterally) raises the neck while the thoracic part elevates and protracts (advances) the trunk cranially.
  • Protracts and retracts the scapula when working independently
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18
Q

What is the name of this muscle?

A

Omotransversarius

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19
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the omotransversarius muscle?

A

Origin

  • Acromion of the scapula

Insertion

  • Wing of the atlas (cervical vertebra 1)
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20
Q

What is the action of the omotransversarius?

A

To pull the free limb cranially (advancement of
the limb)

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21
Q

In the trapezius muscle of the pig

  • The origin is the _______ bone of the skull to thoracic vertebra 10
  • ______ and _______ parts are not distinguishable from each other
A

In the trapezius muscle of the pig

  • The origin is the occipital bone of the skull to thoracic vertebra 10
  • Cervical and thoracic parts are not distinguishable from each other
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22
Q

In the the rhomboideus of the horse and ruminant:

  • the ______ part is very powerful
  • ______ part is absent
A

In the the rhomboideus of the large ruminant (horse and cattle):

  • the cervical part is very powerful
  • Capitis part is absent
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23
Q

The serratus ventralis of the horse and ruminant:

  • Inserts into _____ distinct areas on the scapula
  • Is an important muscle in _____ ____ acting as a trampoline to cushion the trunk.
  • When limbs are fixed to ground the thoracic part is powerful (especially in horses) and enables the elevation of the trunk and therefore _______ using hind limbs
A

The serratus ventralis of the horse and ruminant:

  • Inserts into two distinct areas on the scapula
  • Is an important muscle in muscular sling acting as a trampoline to cushion the trunk.
  • When limbs are fixed to ground the thoracic part is powerful (especially in horses) and enables the elevation of the trunk and therefore kicking using hind limbs
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24
Q

What is the name of this muscle?

A

Brachiocephalicus

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25
What are the names of the three muscles/parts that make up the brachiocephalicus?
1. cleidocervicalus (or the **cervical part** of the **cleidocephalicus** in the dog) 2. cleidomastoideus (or the **mastoid part** of the **cleidocephalicus** in the dog) 3. Cleidobrachialis
26
What is the common origin of all parts of the brachiocephalicus?
Clavicular tendon
27
What is the origin and insertion of the cleidocervicalis part of the brachiocephalicus muscle? What is this known as in the dog?
Cleidocervicalis * Origin * clavicular tendon * Insertion * dorsal fibrous raphe of the cranial half of the neck = **Cleidocephalicus** (Dog) * Cervical part
28
What is the origin and insertion of the cleidomastoideus part of the brachiocephalicus? What is it known as in the dog?
Cleidomastoideus Origin * clavicular tendon Insertion * mastoid process of temporal bone = Cleidocephalicus (Dog) * Mastoid part
29
What is the origin and insertion of the cleidobrachialis part of the brachiocephalicus muscle?
**Cleidobrachialis** Origin * clavicular tendon Insertion * Distally on the cranial aspect of the humerus between biceps brachii and brachialis
30
What is the action of the brachiocephalicus muscle?
Action: * Advances (protracts) the limb * Fixes the neck (bilateral action)
31
What are the two parts of the pectoralis superficialis? What are their origins and insertions?
**Pectoralis superficialis:** **Pectoralis descendens** * Origin * Manubrium of Sternum * Insertion * Greater tubercle crest of humerus **Pectoralis transversus** * Origin * Sternum (first 2 or 3 elements) * Insertion * Greater tubercle crest of humerus
32
What is the action of the pectoralis superficialis muscle?
Adduction of the limb; supports the limb; depending on position can move limb cranially or caudally; it can also move trunk laterally during weight bearing
33
What is the name of this muscle?
Pectoralis profundis
34
What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis profundis?
Origin * Sternum incl. xiphoid process Insertion * Lesser tubercle of humerus, mid shaft humerus, via aponeurosis to greater tubercle
35
What is the action of the pectoralis profundis?
* Supports the trunk as part of the muscular sling * When running can move the trunk cranially over the advanced (protracted) fixed limb and extend the shoulder joint * Retraction of the limb and flexion at the shoulder joint when running
36
What muscle is this? What are its origin and insertions?
Latissimus dorsi Origin * thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae 7 to 1 and thoracic vertebrae 13 to 5 Insertion * Via an aponeurosis onto teres major tuberosity along with the teres major muscle; crest of the greater tubercle via deep branch to pectoral muscles
37
What is the action of latissimus dorsi?
Flexion of the shoulder joint; draws the free limb caudally, especially when digging
38
**Pectoralis profundis**: comparative **Pig** * Fan-shaped. Origin is from 3rd to 9th costal cartilages and **\_\_\_\_\_**, narrow and thicker from 3rd rib onwards. Inserts via tendon to **\_\_\_\_\_** tubercle of humerus. **Ox and Horse** * Broad and powerful. Origin is from **\_\_\_\_\_** and most costal cartilages (less in horse 5-9). Partly originates from tunica flava of abdomen. Inserts onto **\_\_\_\_\_** and **\_\_\_\_\_** tubercles of humerus.
**Pectoralis profundis**: comparative **Pig** * Fan-shaped. Origin is from 3rd to 9th costal cartilages and **sternum**, narrow and thicker from 3rd rib onwards. Inserts via tendon to **lesser** tubercle of humerus. **Ox and Horse** * Broad and powerful. Origin is from **sternum** and most costal cartilages (less in horse 5-9). Partly originates from tunica flava of abdomen. Inserts onto **lesser** and **greater** tubercles of humerus.
39
What is this muscle? What animals is it found in?
Subclavius; pig, bovine, horse **Pig**: Origin from Manubrium, 1st rib and associated costal cartilage. Insertso onto cranial border of scapula and sends a slip to brachiocephalic muscle. **Ox**: Poorly developed. Slim and extends from 1st costal cartilage to the clavicular tendon. **Horse:** Well developed. Origin is lateral aspect of sternum from 1st to 4th costal cartilage. Inserts onto the cranial border of supraspinatus muscle. Also runs over tendon of Biceps brachii to insert onto the greater tubercle of the humerus. Muscle is visible under skin.
40
What is this joint called? What sort of joint is it
Glenohumeral Joint Spheroidal ball and socket (but functions as a hinge joint)
41
What muscles stabilise the shoulder joint?
* Infraspinatus * Supraspinatus * Subscapularis
42
The tendon of the bicept brachii is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** in the shoulder joint of the ruminant and horse, and cushioned by intertubercular **\_\_\_\_**. The shape of their **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** further restricts medial and lateral movement.
The tendon of the bicept brachii is **extracapsular** in the shoulder joint of the ruminant and horse, and cushioned by intertubercular **bursae**. The shape of their **humeral head** further restricts medial and lateral movement.
43
What is the name, origin, and insertion of this muscle.
Supraspinatus. Origin * Supraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion * Proximomedial aspect of greater tubercle of humerus
44
What is the action of supraspinatus?
* Extension of Shoulder Joint * Fixes and stabilises joint during weight bearing
45
What is the name, origin, and insertion of this muscle?
Infraspinatus. Origin * Infraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion * Distal aspect of greater tubercle of humerus; joint capsule of shoulder
46
What is athe action of the infraspinatus muscle?
* Flexion of the shoulder joint * Extension of the shoulder joint (under certain positions) * Abduction of the Humerus (non weight-bearing) * Lateral rotation of Humerus (non weight-bearing) * Stabilises and fixes the Joint by acting as a lateral collateral ligament
47
What is the name (both parts), origin, and insertion of this muscle? What is it's action at the shoulder joint?
**deltoideus**: scapular part, acromial part **Scapular part** Origin * Spine of scapula via the aponeurosis **Acromial part** Origin * Acromion Insertion * Deltoid tuberosity Action: * Flexion and Abduction of the humerus at the shoulder joint
48
What is the name, origin, and insertion of this muscle? What is its action at the shoulder joint?
**Teres minor** Origin * Infraglenoid tubercle, distal third of caudal margin of scapula Insertion * Crest of greater tubercle of humerus/tricipital line Action * Flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint
49
What is the name of this muscle (medial)? What are its origin, insertion, and action?
**Subscapularis** Origin * Subscapular fossa Insertion * Lesser tubercle of the humerus, joint capsule of the shoulder joint Action * Extension and Adduction at the shoulder joint * Stabilises the joint by acting as the medial collateral ligament
50
What is the name of this muscle? What are its origin, insertion, and action?
Teres major Origin * Caudal angle and caudal margin of scapula Insertion * Teres tuberosity Action * Flexion at the shoulder joint
51
What is the name of this muscle? What are its origin, insertion, and action?
**Coracobrachialis** Origin * Coracoid process of scapula Insertion * Craniomedial surface of humerus ending on the crest of the lesser tubercle Action * Extension and Adduction at the shoulder joint
52
The supraspinatus of the cow inserts via a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** tendon onto the **\_\_\_\_\_** and lesser **\_\_\_\_\_** of the humerus. **\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_** tendon passes between these two tendons of insertion
The supraspinatus of the cow inserts via a **branched** tendon onto the **greater** and lesser **tubercles** of the humerus. **Biceps** **brachii** tendon passes between these two tendons of insertion
53
The supraspinatus of the horse: * very powerful, * covered with **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, * bulges considerably beyond **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** margin of scapula and spine of scapula * Flat at origin becoming **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** distally dividing into two above the supraglenoid tubercle. Insert onto **\_\_\_\_\_** and **\_\_\_\_\_** tubercles with tendon of Biceps brachii running through between them.
The supraspinatus of the horse: * very powerful, * covered with **aponeurosis**, * bulges considerably beyond **cranial** margin of scapula and spine of scapula * Flat at origin becoming **thicker** distally dividing into two above the supraglenoid tubercle. Insert onto **greater** and **lesser** tubercles with tendon of Biceps brachii running through between them.
54
The deltoideus: CAT * **\_\_\_\_\_\_** part ill-defined; **\_\_\_\_\_** part powerful PIG and HORESE * Fused into a **\_\_\_\_\_** muscle
The deltoideus: CAT * **Scapular** part ill-defined; **acromial** part powerful PIG * Fused into a **single** muscle
55
What is the name of this muscle?
Biceps brachii Diagram: left medial thoracic limb muscles
56
What is the origin and insertion of biceps brachii? What is its action?
Origin * Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Insertion * –Ulnar tuberosity * Radial tuberosity * Antebrachial fascia Action * Flexion of the Elbow Joint * Extension of the Shoulder Joint
57
What is the name, origin, insertion, and action of this muscle at the elbow joint?
**Brachialis** Origin * Proximocaudal aspect of the humerus Insertion * Ulnar tuberosity * Tendon of Biceps brachii Action * Flexion of the Elbow Joint
58
What are the names and origins of the four heads of the **triceps brachii**? What is their common insertion?
Triceps brachii **Long head** Origin * Distal 2/3rd of caudal border of scapula * Infraglenoid tubercle (tendinous) **Lateral head** Origin * Greater tubercle crest and Tricipital line **Medial head** Origin * Lesser tubercle crest **Accessory head** Origin * Caudal aspect of humerus distal to head **Common insertion** • Common tendon of insertion at olecranon of ulna
59
What is this muscle? What is its origin and insertion? What is its action at the elbow joint?
**Anconeus**. Origin * Lateral supracondylar crest, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion * Proximolateral aspect of the olecranon of the ulna Action * extends the elbow
60
What is this muscle? What is its origin and insertion? What is its action at the elbow joint?
**Tensor Fasciae Antebrachii** Origin * Lateral surface of Latissimus dorsi Insertion * Common insertion with Triceps brachii (oleacranon), antebrachial fascia Action * Extends the elbow
61
What are the names, origins and insertions of the two pronators that cross the proximoradioulnar joint?
**Pronator teres** Origin * Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion * Proximomedial surface of radius **Pronator quadratus** Origin * Medial surface of ulna Insertion * Caudal surface of radius * Covers interosseous membrane (& ligament)
62
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the **supinator** that crosses the proximal radioulnar joint? In the cat the supinator is _____ developed and ____ than in the dog.
Origin * Lateral epicondyle of humerus and lateral collateral ligament * Sesamoid bone in tendon of origin Insertion * Proximal 1/4th of radius, cranial aspect ending on the medial border Action * Supinate the forearm In the cat the supinator is **better** developed and **stronger** than in the dog.
63
What is this muscle? What is its origin and insertion? What is its action?
**Brachioradialis** Origin * Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus Insertion * Distal 1/3rd of radius Action * Supinate forearm
64
What is the name, origin, and insertion of this muscle? What is its action?
Flexor carpi radialis Origin * Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion * Base of Metacarpals II and III (palmar aspect); enclosed in tendon sheath Flex the carpus
65
What is the name, origin (x2), and insertion of this muscle? What is its action?
``` **Flexor carpi ulnaris** Ulnar head (superficial) ``` * Origin: caudomedial aspect of olecranon * Insertion: Accessory carpal bone Humeral head (deep) * Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus * Insertion: Accessory carpal bone
66
What is the name, origin, and insertion of this muscle? What is its action?
**Extensor carpi radialis** Origin * Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus Insertion * Dorsal aspect of the base of Metacarpals II & III Action * Extension of the carpus
67
What is the name, origin, and insertion of this muscle? What is its action?
``` Ulnaris lateralis (Extensor carpi ulnaris) Origin ``` * Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion * Accessory carpal bone and proximolateral on metacarpal V Action * Flexion of the carpus
68
Comparative Aspects: Flexor carpi radialis (see diagram of medial view horse lower limb) RUMINANT * Long tendon enclosed in a tendon sheath, inserting onto palmar aspect of ______ \_\_ HORSE * Slim, spindle shaped; enclosed in a tendon sheath; inserts onto ______ \_\_ (medial splint bone)
Comparative Aspects: Flexor carpi radialis RUMINANT * Long tendon enclosed in a tendon sheath, inserting onto palmar aspect of **metacarpal III** HORSE * Slim, spindle shaped; enclosed in a tendon sheath; inserts onto **metacarpal II** (medial splint bone)
69
Comparative Aspects: Flexor carpi ulnaris RUMINANT * Weak **\_\_\_\_** head (tendinous in smaller ruminants) * Flat and broad in appearance HORSE * **\_\_\_\_\_** head weak and tendinous * Broad, flattened muscle heavily permeated by tendons * Short strong terminal tendon that blend with **\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** to insert on accessory carpal bone
Comparative Aspects: Flexor carpi ulnaris RUMINANT * Weak **ulnar** head (tendinous in smaller ruminants) * Flat and broad in appearance HORSE * **Ulnar** head weak and tendinous * Broad, flattened muscle heavily permeated by tendons * Short strong terminal tendon that blend with **flexor retinaculum** to insert on accessory carpal bone
70
What muscle is this? What are its origins (x3), insertion, and action?
**Flexor digitorum profundus (Deep Digital Flexor)** Humeral head * Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Ulnar head * Origin: Distal 1/4th of caudal border of ulna Radial head * Origin: Proximal 3/5th of medial border of radius **Insertion** * Flexor protuberance of the distal phalanx of digits II to V **Action** * Flexion of the carpus, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints
71
What is the tendon highlighted in red? What is happening in this diagram?
Tendon of the deep digital flexor in red. Superficial digital flexor splits to allow deep flexor to pass through
72
What is this muscle called? What is its origin, insertion, and action?
**Extensor digitorum communis (Common digital extensor)** Origin * Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion * Dorsal aspect of distal phalanx of digits II-V Action * Extension of the carpus, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints
73
What is this muscle called? What is its origin, insertion, and action?
**Extensor digitorum lateralis (Lateral digital extensor)** Origin * Lateral epicondyle of humerus * Cranial margin of the lateral collateral ligament Insertion * Two tendons share a common synovial sheath * Large caudal tendon inserts onto the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx of digit V and then unites with the tendon of common digital extensor to finally insert onto distal phalanx * Smaller cranial tendon branches at the carpus to insert on the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx of digits III and IV and then unites with the tendon of common digital extensor to finally insert onto distal phalanx
74
What is this muscle called? What is its origin, insertion, and action?
**Abductor digiti I longus** (=Abductor pollicus longus in humans) Origin * Lateral surface of radius, ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion * Proximomedially on metacarpal I Action * Abduction and extension of digit 1; medial deviation of the forepaw
75
What is the extensor tendon highlighted in red? What is the uncoloured tendon on the lateral side? What is the blue arrow pointing to?
Extensor digitorum communis (Common digital extensor) (red) Extensor digitorum lateralis (Lateral digital extensor) Abductor digiti I longus (blue arrow)
76
What are these muscles? What are their origins and insertions?
``` Interosseous Muscles (Palmar) Origin ``` * Proximal ends of metacarpals II - V Insertion * Proximal ends of proximal phalanx after splitting in two

VAP II (11 decks)

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