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VAP II > Musculoskeletal: Directions, intro, tissues, histology > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal: Directions, intro, tissues, histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue: definition and types?

A

A group of similar cells and intercellular material specialised to carry out specific activity. Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

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2
Q

Organ: definition?

A

Discrete portion of the body composed of two or more tissue types.

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3
Q

Long axis

A

Imaginary line through centre of an organ or structure of the body

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4
Q

Median plane

A

divides the head, body or limb longitudinally
into equal left and right halves

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5
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • paramedian
  • passes through the head, body or limb
    parallel to the median plane but located
    further lateral
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6
Q

Transverse plane

A

Any plane perpendicular to the long axis of
the body, organ or part

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7
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Any plane that is parallel to the dorsal
surface

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8
Q

Dorsal

Ventral

A

Dorsal: toward the back and corresponding
surface of the head, neck and tail

Ventral: toward the belly and the corresponding
surface of head, neck and tail

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9
Q

Cranial

Caudal

Rostral

A

Cranial: toward the head

Caudal: toward the tail

Rostral: toward the tip of the nose

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10
Q

Proximal

Distal

A

Proximal: relatively near to the main mass (or trunk)

Distal: away from the main mass (or trunk)

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11
Q

Front/back directional terms for:

  • Proximal segment (limb)
  • Distal segment (thoracic limb)
  • Distal segment (pelvic limb)
A
  • Proximal segment (limb)
    • Cranial, caudal
  • Distal segment (thoracic limb)
    • Dorsal: applies to the upper or front surface of the carpus and digits
    • Palmar: aspect of forepaw that contacts the ground of the standing animal
  • Distal segment (pelvic limb)
    • Dorsal: applies to the upper or front surface of the tarsus and digits
    • Plantar: aspect of hind paw that contacts the ground of the standing animal
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12
Q

Distal segment of limb:

  • Axial
  • Abaxial
A

Midline (axis) taken between digits 3 & 4:

  • Axial: Direction towards midline
  • Abaxial: Direction away from the midline
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13
Q

Directional terms bones:

  • Proximal
  • Distal
A
  • Proximal: towards the tunk
  • Distal: towards the ground
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14
Q

Directional terms bones:

  • Cranial
  • Caudal
A
  • Cranial: surface closer to the head
  • Caudal: surface closer to the tail
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15
Q

Directional terms bones:

  • Lateral
  • Medial
A
  • Lateral: away from midline of body
  • Medial towards midline of body
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16
Q

To describe the position of a structure in the body or in a hollow organ use:

  • External
  • Internal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
A
  • External: Structure is away from the hollow centre of an organ
  • Internal: Structure is near the lumen of an organ
  • Superficial: Structure is relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a
    solid organ
  • Deep: Structure is relatively near the centre of the body or the centre of a
    solid organ
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17
Q

To describe position of certain
structures in the head use:

  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Superior
  • Inferior
A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Superior
  • Inferior

These terms replace:

  • Cranial
  • Caudal
  • Dorsal
  • Ventral

But only for specific areas on the head

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18
Q

Regions of the body:

Head
Neck
Trunk
Limbs
Tail

A
  • Head (caput)
  • Neck (collum)
  • Trunk (truncus)
  • Limbs (membra)
  • Tail (cauda)
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19
Q

Steps: processing tissue for histology

  1. Place fresh sample in ______. Why?
  2. Embed in ________ after dehydration in _______. Why?
  3. Cut thin tissue sections (____μm) on microtome. Why?
  4. Collect tissue sections on glass slide, ____, and
    place coverslip over tissue. Why?
A
  1. Place fresh sample in formalin fixative.
    • stops cell metabolism and autolysis
    • kills microbes
    • Hardens tissues (protein denaturation and crosslinking)
    • 10% neutral buffered formalin
  2. Embed in paraffin wax after dehydration in alcohols
    • Removes water and hard substance can be cut into slices
  3. Cut thin tissue sections (5-7 μm) on microtome
    • Thin to allow light of microscope to shine through
    • Approx. one cell thick so cells aren’t overlapping
  4. Collect tissue sections on glass slide, stain and place coverslip over tissue to preserve
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20
Q

Haematoxylin stains [basophilic/acidophylic] structures e.g. ______________. It is ____ in colour.

A

Haematoxylin stains basophilic structures e.g. nucleus (DNA/RNA)

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21
Q

Most common histological stain type?

A

haematoxylin and eosin

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22
Q

Eosin stains [basophilic/acidophilic] structures e.g. _____. It is ____ in colour.

A

Eosin stains acidophilic structures e.g. cytoplasm. It is pink in colour.

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23
Q

What is an artifact? Examples?

A

Artifacts are abnormalities seen in the histology that are due to processing rather than disease.

E.g.

  • Tears
  • Folds
  • Stain residue
  • Shrinkage
  • Structure loss
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24
Q

Why do veterinarians need to understand histology?

A
  • Need to know normal cells and tissues of the body
  • Must understand disease processes at this level to beable to diagnose animal illness correctly
  • Need to be able to interpret histopathology reports of samples collected from patients
  • Need to explain this information to the owners
  • Future pathology or research careers
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25
SKELETON TOPOGRAPHY * Cranial * Postcranial * Axial * Appendicular
* Cranial: skull and mandible * Postcranial: all the rest * Axial: head, vertebral column, tail * structures oriented along the midline * Appendicular: limbs
26
Functions of bone (5)?
1. Support 2. Locomotion * System of levers 3. Protection 4. Storage * Esp. calcium, phosphate 5. Haemopoiesis * Manufacture of red blood cells
27
Classification of bones (4 types): shape, number of centres of ossification, example
1. Long bones * a bone that is longer than it is wide * three centres of ossification * e.g. humerus, tibia, fibula 2. Short bones * a bone that is as wide as it is long * single centre of (endochondral) ossificaiton * e.g. carpal bones, tarsal bones 3. Flat bones * sandwich of two plate-like layers of compact bone with trabecular bone between * intramembranous ossification * e.g. scapula, frontal, parietal 4. Irregular bones * number of ossification centres varies * e.g. vertebrae
28
Special types of bone (3) with description and examples?
1. Sesamoid bones * found within tendons * change direction of force, protect structures from excessive pressure and friction * e.g. patella 2. Splanchnic bones * develop in soft organs * e.g. os penis (baculum) 3. Pneumatic bones * bones containing air spaces * e.g. certain skull bones and avian long bones
29
Describe and give the terms for (in a long bone): * Compact bone * Spongy bone * Periosteum * Medulla * Articular cartilage
* Compact bone (yellow): * cortical bone (outer layer of diaphysis, thin layer over epiphysis) * hard, dense tissue (heavy) * Spongy bone (blue): * cancellous/trabecular bone * open, porous, 3D thin bony network of struts * allows room for blood vessels and bone marrow (esp. red) * ends (epiphyses) or long bones * Periosteum (red): * loose connective tissue covering the bones with the exception of the articular surfaces * Medulla: * central cavity in long bone * contains adipose tissue (yellow marrow) and some red marrow * Articular cartilage: * covers articular surfaces of bones * smooth hyaline cartilage * blends with periosteum and joint capsules
30
Label the forces:
Forces produce stresses resulting in strain
31
Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle: Label and describe these structures
* Muscle belly * also called the head * enveloped in connective tissue sheath * Tendon * Attaches muscle to bone or aponeurosis * dense regular fibrous connective tissue * Origin * Proximal attachment * Insertion * Distal attachment
32
Skeletal types based on fibre orientation: label and describe with example
* Strap: * long, parallel fibres and have relatively broad attachments * force of contraction weak * e.g. omotransversarius * Fusiform: * their fibres lead into narrow tendons at the ends of a muscle belly * force of contraction is concentrated on a smaller area and therefore stronger * e.g. biceps brachii * Pennate: * short, diagonally arranged fibres * Unipennate * attached to one side of tendon * e.g. flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar head) * Bipennate * attached to both sides of a centrally located tendon * e.g. infraspinatus * multipennate * attached to more than one tendon * more muscle fibres produce more force * e.g. subscapularis * Circular and Sphincter * bands of muscles that contract concentrically * circular e.g. orbicularis oris
33
Muscle contraction: * Concentric * Eccentric * Isometric
* Concentric (a) * muscle shortens under tension * bones move closer together * Eccentric (b) * muscle elongates under tension * bones move away from each other * Isometric (c) * no visible motion - static
34
Explain what the following terms mean applied to muscles: * Agonist * Antagonist * Synergists
* Agonist (prime mover) * produces the desired motion at a joint * Antagonist * opposes the action of the agonist * Synergists * help the agonist to perform the desired motion
35
Label this diagram of a long bone:
36
What are some advantages of having hollow rather than solid bones?
* trabeculae enable resistance of compressive force in multiple directions (increase in strength) * decrease weight of bone at joint while maintaining strength * lower structure and higher surface ares and number of active osteoblasts increases bone turnover potential: good for rapid release and building/remodelling * space for hematopoeisis
37
What is found in the spaces between spongy (trabecular) bone?
Red bone marrow: site of haematopoeisis
38
MUSCULOSKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE Describe and give examples of: * Fibrous connective tissue (proper) * Dense, regular * Dense, irregular * Loose * Specialised connective tissue (3 types)
* Fibrous connective tissue (proper) * **Dense, regular**: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses (tendon sheets) * **Dense, irregular**: deep fascia, joint capsule, tendon sheaths, dermis * **Loose**: superficial fascia, around blood vessels, within organs to provide structure 'stroma' * Specialised connective tissue (3 types) * bone * cartilage * adipose
39
Connective tissue cells originate from the \_\_\_\_chymal cells of the embryo, which are derived from the \_\_\_\_derm. Connective tissue is composed of cells, _______ (ECM), and g\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Connective tissue cells originate from the mesenchymal cells of the embryo which are derived from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is composed of cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and ground substance. The ECM characteristics define the properties of the connective tissue.
40
Extracellular matrix: ground substance * hydro\_\_\_\_\_ and viscous * Binds ECM components and cells together * Contains g\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for cells * Composed of: 1. g\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ​(GAGs) 2. p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. g\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. w\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Extracellular matrix: ground substance * hydro**phillic** and viscous * Binds ECM components and cells together * Contains g**rowth factors** for cells * Composed of: 1. **glycosaminoglycans** (GAGs) 2. p**roteoglycans** 3. g**lycoproteins** 4. w**ater**
41
What is the main cell type of fibrous connective tissue and what do they produce?
Fibroblasts: produce ECM of collagen and ground substance, and may also produce elastin
42
Describe some of the properties of fibroblasts
* Found in fibrous connective tissue * Pale, oval nucleus * elongated shape * protein-producing organelles * may have contractile properties (actin) for cound healing 'myofibroblasts'
43
Fibrocytes are ________ cells that are located amongst the c\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fibrocytes are mature cells that are located amongst the collagen fibres.
44
ECM: Elastin: what are some of its properties and where is it found?
* Protein with elastic properties that allows stretch and recoil to original position * 5x more elastic than rubber * Elastic fibres have cross-links * Found in varying amounts in: * arteries * lungs * elastic cartilage ie ears, nose * some ligaments/ tendons ie nuchal * dermis of skin
45
ECM: Collagen: What are some of its properties and what is it composed of?
* Most abundant protein in the body * Collagen is arranged in fibres composed of smaller subunits called fibrils * Fibrils are composed of collagen molecules which are a triple helix of α-chains
46
What is the relevance of vitamin C to collagen synthesis? How does this explain the symptoms of scurvy?
* Co-factors for formation of triple helix are Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), iron and α-ketoglutaric acid * Vitamin C deficiency ‘scurvy’ causes impaired collagen production leading to loss of teeth- due to importance of collagen in securing the tooth within its socket * Only humans, some monkeys/apes, guinea pigs and some bats don’t produce their own vitamin C
47
Identify the structures labelled in this transmission electron micrograph of fibrous connective tissue ECM
``` Collagen (C), elastin (E) and ground substance around fibroblasts (F) ```
48
TENDON Identify the structures shown in this histological sample
``` TF= tendon fascicle Ent= endotendineum ``` Tendon fibre fascicles/bundles are surrounded by endotendineum.
49
The epitendineum surrounds the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The epitendineum surrounds the **entire tendon**
50
Tendons and ligaments: * Collagen fibres are arranged\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Resist tension - like pulling on a rope * Blood supply is poor/fair/strong * Capacity for healing is poor/fair/strong * Cells (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) receive nutrients by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tendons and ligaments: * Collagen fibres are arranged **parallel to the line of force** * Resist tension - like pulling on a rope * Blood supply is **poor** * Capacity for healing is **poor** * Cells (**tendinocyles**) receive nutrients by **diffusion from surrounding vessels**
51
Tendon and ligament endotendineum and epitendineum join to the bone via the \_\_\_\_\_.
Tendon and ligament endotendineum and epitendineum join to the bone via the **periosteum**.
52
Tendons may be surrounded by a thick irregular dense connective tissue __________ which they can move within like a pulley.
tendon sheath
53
What is the primary cell type in cartilage?
Chondrocytes
54
What cell type is present in cartilage below the perichondrium (fibrous connective tissue layer around the edge of cartilage) and can regenerate the ECM after damage?
Chondroblasts
55
What are the three types of cartilage and where are they found?
1. **Hyaline cartilage**: joint surfaces, fetal bones, trachea 2. **Fibrocartilage**: menisci, intervertebral discs, mandibular symphysis, cartilage scar tissue 3. **Elastic cartilage**: ears, larynx
56
The ECM makes up \_\_\_% of cartilage volume and is comprised mostly of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), e.g. h\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_, p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The ECM makes up 95% of cartilage volume and is comprised mostly of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), e.g. hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans & collagen
57
In hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes are found in spaces called L\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Alteration in the matric around these referred to as c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
In hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes are found in spaces called lacunae. Alteration in the matric around these referred to as capsules.
58
Hyaline cartilage is made up of 15% p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-h\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ complexes. These are extrememly hydro\_\_\_\_\_\_ and thus hold water within the cartilage matrix to provide compression resistance.
Hyaline cartilage is made up of 15% p**roteoglycan**-h**yaluronic acid** complexes. These are extrememly hydro**philic** and thus hold water within the cartilage matrix to provide compression resistance.
59
A\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to hyaline cartilage found in joints.
**Articular cartilage** refers to hyaline cartilage found in joints. See image: AC= articular cartilage SB= spongy bone (sometimes referred to as subchondral bone in this location) BV= blood vessels M= marrow cavity
60
What role does weight bearing play in providing nutrition for hyaline cartilage at the joints?
* Cartilage is avascular * Hyaline cartilage nutrition is via diffusion from blood vessels in subchondral bone and nutrients in synovial fluid * Weight bearing squeezes the fluid out of matrix and the proteoglycan molecules attract water back into the matrix again causing a net movement of nutrients into the tissue matrix and nourishing the chondrocytes
61
What is synovial fluid made of an what are its roles?
* modified transudate from plasma * proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid * Function is lubrication, shock absorption, and nourishment of the chondrocytes of articular cartilage
62
Label these parts of the synovial membrane:
Two types of **synoviocytes**: One produces the transudate and looks like a fibroblast and the other is like a tissue macrophage As well as joints, also line some tendon sheaths forming a ‘synovial sheath’ for the tendon to slide through, protected from other structures
63
Name and describe the two types of adipose tissue and their functions.
1. Yellow fat * insulation * energy source suring starvation as triglycerides * padding of vital structures - shock absorption * found under skin, in diaphysis of adult bones, in connective tissue, in digital and metacarpal/tarsal pads * primary cell type: adipocytes 2. Brown fat * heat production in hibernation and newborns (around neck and back) * Abundant mitochondria and small lipid droplets within cells Brown fat (L) and yellow fat (R)
64
The three types of bone cells and their roles are:
1. Osteoblasts * bone producing cells 2. Osteocytes * mature cells that maintain bone batrix 3. Osteoclasts * bone degrading cells
65
The bone ECM produced by osteoblasts is composed primarily of * O\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 15% * G\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10% * C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ h\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 75%
* Osteoid (unmineralised protein matrix) * Collagen (type 1) 15% * Ground substance/organic martix 10% * Calcium hydroxyapatite 75% * provides strength & resists compression
66
Calcium levels in the blood are tightly regulated. Why is it important that it stays within a Calcium: phosphate ratio maintained at 1.3-2.0 : 1 ?
Important at neuromuscular junction * Low calcium (dietary, vit D deficiency, milk fever) can cause muscle tremors and seizures, cardiac arrest * High calcium (rare; some cancers), less specific signs of ill health
67
Low calcium stimulates parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3 to:
* release calcium from the bone into the blood * OK temporarily but long term leads to low bone density and increased risk of fractures * Young animals particularly susceptible as depositing bone matrix at growth plates * increase calcium absorption via the gut & kidneys * increase phosphate excretion by the kidneys
68
What are osteoclasts and what are their function?
* Bone matrix degrading macrophages * Origin is in blood cell lineage not the mesenchyme * Multinucleated cells (4-10 nuclei) * Acidify the bone matrix to dissolve hydroxyapatite * Enzymatically degrade proteins * Normal bone turnover * Repair damaged matrix * Release calcium into blood
69
Label this histological sample of bone tissue
70
STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE * Bone is arranged in dense concentric layers ‘L\_\_\_\_\_\_’ * These cylinders of layered bone are called ‘O\_\_\_\_\_\_\_’ * Centre of osteon is a blood vessel within the c\_\_\_\_\_ (Haversian) canal
* Bone is arranged in dense concentric layers ‘lamellae’ * These cylinders of layered bone are called ‘osteons’ * Centre of osteon is a blood vessel within the central (Haversian) canal ``` HC= Haversian canal L= lacunae with osteocyte IL= interstitial lamellae ```
71
* Osteocytes located in L\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (spaces) in compact bone lamellae in osteons * C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (small channels) allow connection of all osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes - communication * Allows passage of extracellular fluid with nutrients to reach these living cells
* Osteocytes located in lacunae (spaces) in compact bone lamellae in osteons * ​Canaliculi (small channels) allow connection of all osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes - communication * Allows passage of extracellular fluid with nutrients to reach these living cells
72
Label this image of compact bone
73
Perforating V\_\_\_\_\_\_’s canals connect central (Haversian) canals. Their role is to carry blood supply from the ______ & ________ arteries.
Perforating Volkmann’s canals connect central (Haversian) canals. Their role is to carry blood supply from the nutrient and periosteal arteries.
74
Trabeculae are surrounded by _____ bone marrow and a\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells. No blood supply within trabeculae - diffusion of nutrients - so limitation on thickness. Ability for high bone turnover by _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Trabeculae are surrounded by red bone marrow and adipose cells. No blood supply within trabeculae - diffusion of nutrients - so limitation on thickness. Ability for high bone turnover by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
75
**Periosteum** * ______ surface of compact bone * Many/few nerves * P\_\_\_\_\_\_ arteries * O\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (stem) cells * T\_\_\_\_\_\_ & _______ attachment
Periosteum * Outer surface of compact bone * Many nerves * Periosteal arteries * Osteoprogenitor (stem) cells * Tendon & ligament attachment
76
**Endosteum** * __________ surface of compact bone * Spongy bone t\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * O\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (stem) cells
**Endosteum** * **Inner** surface of compact bone * Spongy bone **trabeculae** * **Osteoprogenitor** cells
77
Label this diagram of bone cell types
78
What are the two types of ossification (laying down the hydroxyapatite ECM) and where do they occur?
1. **intramembranous** ossification * connective tissue becomes mineralised * flat bones e.g. skull bones, scapula 2. **Endochondral** ossification * cartilage precursor becomes mineralised * long and short bones e.g. humerus
79
Steps in **intramembranous** ossification: 1. Development of ossification centre - o\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sheet producing matrix 2. Calcification of matrix (h\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ laid down after o\_\_\_\_\_\_) 3. Formation of cortical plates with internal t\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Development of p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. Growth is _________ to increase size during maturation
Steps in **intramembranous** ossification: 1. Development of ossification centre - osteoblast sheet producing matrix 2. Calcification of matrix (hydroxyapatite laid down after osteoid) 3. Formation of cortical plates with internal trabeculae 4. Development of periosteum 5. Growth is appositional to increase size during maturation
80
Label this histological sample of flat bone structure
\* Compact bone may be deposited in flat lamellae (layers) in flat bones, rather than in cylindrical osteons as in the diaphysis of long bones
81
Steps in **endochondral** ossification: 1. Development of _______ model - the initial clustering of cells that serves as a foundation from which the cartilage develops 2. Growth of ______ cartilage model 3. Development of _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ centre 4. Development of ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ centres 5. Formation of a\_\_\_\_\_\_ cartilage and ______ plate (or growth plate)
Steps in **endochondral** ossification: 1. Development of cartilage model - the initial clustering of cells that serves as a foundation from which the cartilage develops 2. Growth of hyaline cartilage model 3. Development of primary ossification centre 4. Development of secondary ossification centres 5. Formation of articular cartilage and metaphyseal plate (or growth plate)
82
Development: Long bones will have a ______ at each end between the epiphysis and metaphysis. This ______ cartilage allows long bones to increase in _______ in growing animals.
Development: Long bones will have a physis at each end between the epiphysis and metaphysis. This physeal cartilage allows long bones to increase in length in growing animals.
83
Label the histological cones of the physis: 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ?
1. Resting zone of chondrocytes 2. Proliferative (growth) zone * Chondrocytes multiply- columns of cells 3. Hypertrophic cartilage zone * Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix shows beginnings of mineralisation 4. Calcification of cartilage zone * Calcium is deposited in the cartilage * Cartilage matrix is removed by chondroclasts * Osteoblasts and blood vessels enter 5. Ossification zone * Cartilage is fully replaced by bone
84
What happens during growth plate fractures?
Cause abnormal bone development due to lack of longitudinal growth of bone at location of damage Good prognosis --\> poor prognosis
85
What is **longitudinal long** bone growth and what kind of ossification is involved?
* Increases length of bones * Process of endochondral ossification
86
What is **appositional** long bone growth and how does it occur?
* Increases width of bones * Osteoblasts in periosteum deposit new bone in lamellae, will become new osteons * Process of intramembranous ossification, but in already mineralized bones to widen
87
Label this diagram of long bone growth
88
Label this diagram of the blood supply to a long bone. All the arteries anastamose. Why?
* Epiphyseal arteries * Metaphyseal arteries * Nutrient artery * Enters via nutrient foramen in diaphysis of long bones * Periosteal arteries * All anastamose to ensure blood supply
89
What is Wolff's law about? Disuse can cause \_\_\_% calcification in weeks. Mechanical loading ______ deposition of bone.
* Bone responds to the stresses placed upon it * due to changes in function/use * Force magnitude, duration, direction and rate * "if you don't use it you lose it" Disuse can cause 30% calcification in weeks. Mechanical loading increases deposition of bone.
90
During bone healing, Periosteal osteoblasts deposit new bone over fractured sites creating a ‘\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_’
During bone healing, Periosteal osteoblasts deposit new bone over fractured sites creating a ‘bony callus’
91
For bone healing to occur there must be: * _____ bridging * Adequate/little blood supply * No/movement * No/infection * No/weight bearing
For bone healing to occur there must be: * Gap bridging * Adequate blood supply * No movement * No infection * Weight bearing - pain management
92
Bone healing resembles _____ ossification
endochondral
93
What type of cartilage is found at synovial joints?
Hyaline
94
What is the function of cartilage at synovial joints?
* absorb shock * reduce friction * protect bone

VAP II (11 decks)

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