muscles / cellular repirtation

Question 1

what does the cardiac muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated

Answer 1

theyre the only ones that cover the heart
involuntary
multinucleated

Question 2

what does the smooth muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated

Answer 2

theyre ones on glands, liver, blood vessels ect
involuntary
uninucleated

Question 3

what does the skeletal muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated

Answer 3

Muscles for posture and movement. Attached to bones
voluntary
multinucleated

Question 4

Flexor job in skeletal muscles

Answer 4

muscle that contracts to bend a joint

Question 5

Extensor job in skeltal muscles

Answer 5

muscle that contracts to straighten a joint

Question 6

when do skeletal muscles lengthen when relax? or contract?

Answer 6

when they relax

Question 7

when do skeletal muscles shorten when they relax? or contract?

Answer 7

when they contract

Question 8

whats a tendon

Answer 8

band of connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone

Question 9

whats a origin

Answer 9

muscle attaches to a stationary bone

Question 10

whats a Insertion

Answer 10

muscle attaches to a moving bone

Question 11

myofilamets 2 types

Answer 11

threads of contractile proteins (actin and myosin)

Question 12

actin

Answer 12

pair of protein strands woven together that resembles a string of beads

Question 13

myosin

Answer 13

myofilament has proteins molecules wound together

The myosin filaments have “heads” that stick out

Question 14

whats the sliding fliament theory
(how muscles contract)

Answer 14

Actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments.

The Z line moves closer together (muscle contracts)

Knob – on the myosin filaments heads attach and detach as the actin then are drawn closer.

Question 15

largest to smallest muscles

Answer 15

1) muscle
2) muscle fiber bundel
3) muscle fiber
4) myofibrils (has actin and myosin)
5) myofilaments

Question 16

what does tropomyosin do

Answer 16

its around actin and prevents myosin from grabbing actin so muscles arnt always in full contraction

Question 17

what does troponin do

Answer 17

regulator of muscle contraction and atin only activates actin when calcium

Question 18

what des calcium do

Answer 18

Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins in the absence of calcium prevent of actin and myosin = no contraction

Question 19

chem of muscle contraction

Answer 19

• chemical released between nerve and muscle
  -Chemical reaches the troponin
  -Calcium ions released (not just for bones)
  -Calcium ions initiate between actin and myosin
  -ATP provides energy for filaments to slide
  -Calcium ions taken up by the ER
  -Muscle relaxes

Question 20

what happens when muscles relaxed what happens with the myosin

Answer 20

myosin heads are ready to bind to actin but they cannot bind from tropomyosin

Question 21

what protein is the protein tropomyosin moved by

Answer 21

troponin

Question 22

what are the ways you can create atp

Answer 22

-phosphate creation
- aerobic cellular respiration
- lactic fermentation

Question 23

creatine phosphate purpose

Answer 23

it makes atp and is used when muscles need quick enery and helps transfer adp to atp

Question 24

aerobic cellular repiration process

Answer 24

it is when o2 is present and it enters muscle and goes to mitocondra

02+ glusoces froms co2 and h2O

Question 25

fermentation process

Answer 25

When oxygen is not present (sometimes referred to as “oxygen debt”) Instead, in animals, lactate fermentation occurs. glycolysis breaking down glucose into 2 ATP molecules / lactate molecule

Question 26

what is the lantent period in muscle contraction

Answer 26

a pause between the impulse and muscle contraction

Question 27

what is concentration in muscle contraction

Answer 27

actin and myosin fibres slide over one another. Muscle shortens

Question 28

what is Relaxation Phase in muscle contraction

Answer 28

actin and myosin disengage and muscles start to relax.

Question 29

what is summation in muscle contraction

Answer 29

increased muscle contraction produced by a combination of stimuli

Question 30

what is tetanus in muscle contractiojn

Answer 30

the state of constant muscle contraction produced by sustained nerve impulses.

Question 31

what are the steps to muscle contraction

Answer 31

Latent Period Contraction Relaxation Phase Summation: Tetanus:

Question 32

fast twitch in muscle fibers traits

Answer 32

Sprinters Type IIx and IIa Break down ATP faster but less efficiently

Question 33

slow twitch in muscle fibers traits

Answer 33

Long distance runners Required for endurance events Aerobic respiration is predominant.

Question 34

Spasms

Answer 34

sudden involuntary contraction of muscle

Question 35

Cramps

Answer 35

unpleasant/painful sensations caused by muscle contraction or over shortening

Question 36

Atrophy

Answer 36

loss of muscle

Question 37

Sprain

Answer 37

injury to ligament whichconnective tissue fibres tear ( result of over stretching)

Question 38

Strain

Answer 38

injury in joint by the tendon or muscle being stretched beyond its capacity

Question 39

Dislocations

Answer 39

Injury to joint where one or more bones is forced out of their original position

Question 40

Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 40

genetic, degeneration of skeletal muscle which can lead to death

Question 41

Botulism

Answer 41

bacteria releases a neurotoxin that affects nervous/muscle system – can be fatal

Question 42

Fibromyalgia

Answer 42

chronic muscle pain that can lead to fatigue and lack of sleep by trauma, or disease

Question 43

Aerobic (with o2 or without)

Answer 43

with o2 needed in mitocondira

Question 44

Anaerobic (with o2 or without)

Answer 44

without oxygen needed but can still make energy in cytoplasm

Question 45

what are the 4 stages to cellular respiration

Answer 45

1. Glycolysis: split carbon in 2 pieces (pyruvate) 2. pyruvate oxidation: pulls off a carbon 3. the Krebs cycle: splits last 2 carbons 4. the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis