Muscles List Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Trapezius
A
O:Medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligamemt,spinous process of C7-T12
I:lateral third of clavicle,acromion, spine of scapula,
A: upper trap (descending) elevates the scapula, lower (ascending) trap depresses the scapula, middle trap retracts the scapula, the descending and ascending traps act to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly
In: spinal accesory nerve Cranial Nerve XI motor fibers, C3/C4 spinal nerves, pain and proprioceptive fibers
2
Q
Latissimus Dorsi
A
O: spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs
I: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
A: extends, adducts, medially rotates humerus, raises body toward arm while climbing
In: thoracodorsal nerve C6, C7, C8
3
Q
Rhomboid Major
A
O: spinous proceses of T2-T5
I: medial border of the scapula from level of spine to inferior angle
A: retract the scapula, rotate it to depress the glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall
In: dorasal scapular nerve C4, C5
4
Q
Rhomboid Minor
A
O: nucal ligament, spinous processes of C7 and T1 vertebrae
I: smooth triangular area at medial end of the scapular spine
A: retract the scapula, rotate it to depress the glendoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall
IN: dorsal scapular nerve C4, C5
5
Q
Levator Scapulae
A
O: posterior of tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
I: medial border of the scapula, superior to the root of the spine
A: elevate the scapula and rotate the glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
IN: dorsal scapular nerve C5; cervical nerves C4,C5
6
Q
Serratus Posterior Superior
A
O: nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae
I: superior borders of the 2nd-4th ribs
A: elevate ribs
IN: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
7
Q
Serratus Posterior Inferior
A
O: spinous process of T11-L2
I: inferior borders of 8th-12th ribs near their angles
A: depress ribs
IN: anterior rami of T9-T12 thoracic spinal nerves
8
Q
Splenius Capitis
A
O: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3/T4 vertebrae
I: fibers run superolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
A: acting unilaterally: laterally flex neck and rotate head ipsilaterally
Acting bilaterally: extend head and neck
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerve
9
Q
Splenius Cervicis
A
O: nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae
I: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 vertebrae
A: acting unilaterally: laterally flex neck and rotate head ipsilaterally
Acting bilaterally: extend head and neck
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerves
10
Q
Iliocostalis
A
O: arises by a broad tendon from the posterior part of iliac crest; posterior surface of sacrum; sacroiliac ligaments; sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes; supraspinous ligament
I: lumborum, thoracis, cervicis; fibers run superiorly to angles of the lower ribs and cervical transverse processes
A: acting bilaterally: extend the vertebral column and head; as back is flexed control movement via eccentric contraction;
acting unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerves
11
Q
Longissimus
A
O: arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, posterior surface of sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament
I: thoracis, cervicis, capitis; fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles of transverse processes in the thoracic and cervical regions, and to mastoid process of temporal bone
A: acting bilaterally: extend the vertebral column and head; as back is flexed control movement via eccentric contraction;
acting unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column
IN:posterior rami of spinal nerves
12
Q
Spinalis
A
O:arises by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, posterior surface of sacroiliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament
I: thoracis, cervicis, capitis, fibers run superiorly to the spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and to cranium
A: acting bilaterally: extend the vertebral column and head; as back is flexed control movement via eccentric contraction;
acting unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerves
13
Q
Obliquus Capitis Superior
A
O: transverse processes of C1 vertebrae
I: occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
A: lateral flexion and extension of the head and heck
IN: suboccipital nerve
14
Q
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
A
O: spinous processes of C2
I: transverse processes of C1
A: rotate the head ipsilaterally
IN: suboccipital nerve
15
Q
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
A
O: spinous process of C2 vertebrae
I: lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone
A: acting unilaterally: rotate the head ipsilaterally
acting bilaterally: extend the head and neck
IN: suboccipital nerve
16
Q
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
A
O: posterior tubercles of the posterior arch of C1 vertebrae
I: medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone
A: acting unilaterally: rotate the head ipsilaterally
acting bilaterally: extend the head and neck
IN: suboccipital nerve
17
Q
Supraspinatus
A
O: supraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
A: initiates and assists the deltoid in abduction of the arm and acts with the rotator cuff muscles
IN: suprascapular nerve C4, C5, C6
18
Q
Infraspinatus
A
O: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
A: externally rotate the arm; acts with the other rotator cuff muscles; helps to hold the humeral head in the glenoid cavity
IN: suprascapular nerve C5, C6
19
Q
Teres Minor
A
O: middle part of the lateral border of the scapula
I: inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
A: externally rotate the arm; acts with other rotator muscles; helps to hold humeral head in place
IN: axillary nerve C5, C6
20
Q
Teres Major
A
O: posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula
I: medial lip of interbercular groove of the humerus
A: adducts and medially rotates arm
IN: lower subscapular nerve C5, C6
21
Q
Subscapularis
A
O: subscapular fossa (most of the anterior surface of scapula)
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: medially rotates and adducts the arms; helps to hold the humeral head in glenoid cavity
IN: upper and lower subscapular nerves C5, C6, C7
22
Q
Semispinalis
A
O: Arises from transverse processes of C4-T12 vertebrae
I: Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitus: fibers run superomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments
A:Extends head, thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerves
23
Q
Multifidus
A
O: Arises from posterior sacrum; posterior superior iliac spine of ilium; aponeurosis of erector spinae; sacroiliac ligaments; mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae; transverse processes of T1-T3; articular processes of C4-C7
I: Thickest in lumbar region; fibers pass obliquely superomedially to entire length of spinous processes, spanning 2-4 segments superior to the origin
A: Stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of the vertebral column
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerves
24
Q
Rotatores (brevis and longus)
A
O: Arise from transverse processes of vertebrae; best developed in thoracic region
I: Fibers pass superomedially to attach to the junction of the lamina and transverse process or spinous process of vertebra immediately (brevis) or 2 segments (longus) superior to vertebra of attachment
A: Stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column; may function as organs of proprioception
IN: posterior rami of spinal nerves
25
Deltoids
O: lateral third of the clavicle; acromion and spine of the scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
A: anterior part: flexes and medially rotates arm
middle part: abducts arm
posterior part: extends and externally rotates arm
IN: axillary nerve C5, C6
26
Triceps Brachii
O: long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
lateral head: posterior surface of the humerus, superior to the radial groove
medial head: posterior surface of the humerus, inferior to the radial groove
I: proximal end of the olecranon of the ulna and the fascia of the forearm
A: extends the forearm; long head resists dislocation of the humerus (important during abduction)
IN: radial nerve C6, C7, C8
27
Anconeus
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: lateral surface of olecranon and superior part of posterior surface of ulna
A: assists triceps in extending forearm; stabilize elbow join; abduct ulna during pronation
IN: radial nerve C7, C8, T1
28
Pectoralis Major
O: clavicular head; anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle; Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum; superior 6 costal cartilages; abdominal head: aponeurosis of the external oblique
I: lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
A: horizontally adducts and medially rotates the humerus; draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly. Acting alone, the clavicular head flexes the humerus and the sternocostal extends it from the felxed position
IN: Lateral and medial pectoral nerves; clavicular head (C5, C6), sternocostal head (C7, C8, T1)
29
Pectoralis Minor
O: 3rd to 5th ribs near their costal cartilage
I: medial border and the superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula
A: stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall (thus tipping the inferior angle of the scapula)
IN: medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
30
Subclavius
O: junction of the 1st rib and its costal cartilage
I: inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle
A: anchors and depresses the clavicle
IN: nerve to subclavius C5, C6
31
Serratus Anterior
O:External surface of the lateral parts of the 1st – 8th ribs
I: Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
A: Protracts the scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall; rotates the scapula
IN:Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)
32
Coracobrachialis
O: Tip of the coracoid process of the scapula
I:Middle third of the medial surface of the humerus
A: Helps to flex and adduct the arm; resists dislocation of the shoulder
IN: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7)
33
Brachialis
O: distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus
I: Coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna
A: flexes forearm in all positions
IN: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) and radial nerve (C7)
34
Biceps Brachii
O: Short head: tip of the coracoid process of the scapula
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
I: Radial tuberosity and fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis
A: Supinates the forearm and, when supine, flexes the forearm; the short head resists dislocation of the shoulder
IN: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
35
Pronator Teres
O: ulnar head: coronoid process, Humeral head: medial epicondyle of the humerus (via the common flexor tendon)
I: Middle of convexity of lateral surface of the radius
A: Pronates and flexes the forearm at the elbow
IN: Median nerve (C6, C7)
36
Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)
O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus (via the common flexor tendon)
I: Base of the 2nd metacarpal
A: Weakly flexes the elbow; flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist
IN: Median nerve (C6, C7)
37
Palmaris Longus
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus (via the common flexor tendon)
I: distal half of the flexor retinaculum and apex of the palmar aponeurosis
A: weakly flexes the elbow; flexes the hand at the wrist; tenses the palmar aponeurosis
IN: median nerve C7,C8
38
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)
O: Humeral head: medial epicondyle of the humerus (via the common flexor tendon)
Ulnar head: olecranon and posterior border of the ulna (via the aponeurosis)
I: Pisiform; hook of hamate; 5th metacarpal
A: Weakly flexes the elbow; flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist
IN: Ulnar nerve (C7, C8)
39
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)
O: Humeroulnar head: medial epicondyle (via the common flexor tendon); coronoid process
Radial head: superior half of the anterior border of the radius
I: Shafts of the middle phalanges of the medial four digits
A: Weakly flexes the elbow; flexes the hand at the wrist; flexes the middle phalanges at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of the medial four digits; acting more strongly, it also flexes proximal phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint
IN: Median nerve (C7, C8, T1)
40
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)
O: Proximal three quarters of the medial and anterior surfaces of the ulna and interosseous membrane
I: Medial part: base of the distal phalanges of the 4th-5th digits
Lateral part: base of the distal phalanges of the 2nd–3rd digits
A: Flexes the hand at the wrist; Medial part: flexes distal phalanges of digits 4 and 5 at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint; Lateral part: flexes distal phalanges of digits 2 and 3 at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
IN: Medial part: Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
Lateral part: anterior interosseous nerve, from the median nerve (C8, T1)
41
Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL)
O: Anterior surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseous membrane
I: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
A: Flexes the hand at the wrist; flexes the phalanges of the 1st digit (thumb)
IN: Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, T1)
42
Pronator Quadratus
O: Distal quarter of the anterior surface of the ulna
I: Distal quarter of the anterior surface of the radius
A: Pronates the forearm; deep fibers bind the radius and ulna together
IN: Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, T1)
43
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
O: Flexor rentinaculum and the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
I:Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
A:Abducts the thumb; helps to oppose the thumb during opposition
IN: Recurrent branch of the median nerve (C8, T1)
44
Opponens Pollicis
O: Flexor rentinaculum and the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
I: Lateral side of the 1st metacarpal
A: To oppose the thumb, it draws the 1st metacarpal medially to the center of the palm and rotate it medially
IN: Recurrent branch of the median nerve (C8, T1)
45
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
O: Flexor rentinaculum and the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
I: Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
A: Flexes the thumb
IN: Superficial head: recurrent branch of the median nerve (C8, T1)
Deep head: deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
46
Flexor Digiti Minimi
| brevis
O: Hook of hamate and the flexor rentinaculum
I: Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
A: Flexes the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
47
Abductor Digiti MInimi
O: pisoform
I: Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
A: Abducts the 5th digit; assists in flexion of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
48
Opponens Digiti Minimi
O: Hook of hamate and the flexor rentinaculum
I: Medial border of the 5th metacarpal
A: Draws the 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing the 5th finger into opposition with the thumb
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
49
Palmaris Brevis
O: deep surface of dermis in proxima, anterior and medial of palm
I: medial border of palmar aponeurosis
A: wrinkles palmar skin, protects the ulnar neruvasculature through tunnel of guyon
IN: superficial branch of the ulnar nerve
50
Adductor Pollicis
O: Oblique head: base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; capitate; adjacent carpals
Transverse head: anterior surface of the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal
I: Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
A: Adducts the thumb toward the lateral border of the palm
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
51
Lumbricals (1st & 2nd)
O:Lateral two tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (as unipennate muscles)
I: Lateral sides of the extensor expansions of the 2nd-5th fingers
A: Flex the MCP joints; extend the IP joints of the 2nd-5th digits
IN: Median nerve (C8, T1)
52
Lumbricals (3rd & 4th)
O: Medial three tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
I: Lateral sides of the extensor expansions of the 2nd-5th fingers
A: Flex the MCP joints; extend the IP joints of the 2nd-5th digits
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
53
Dorsal Interossei
O: Adjacent sides of two metacarpals (bipennante)
I: Bases of proximal phalanges; extensor expansions of the 2nd-4th digits
A: Abducts the 2nd-4th digits from the axial line; acts with the lumbricals in flexing the MCP joints and extending the IP joints
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
54
Palmar Interossei
O: Palmar surfaces of the 2nd, 4th and 5th metacarpals (unipennate)
I: Bases of proximal phalanges; extensor expansions of the 2nd, 4th and 5th digits
A: Adducts the 2nd, 4th and 5th digits toward the axial line; assists the lumbricals in flexing the MCP joints and extending the IP joints
IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
55
Brachioradialis
O:Proximal two thirds of the lateral supraepicondylar ridge of the humerus
I: Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius, proximal to the styloid process
A: Relatively weak flexion of the forearm; maximal when the forearm is in a midpronated position
IN: Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)
56
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
O: Lateral supraepicondylar ridge of the humerus
I: Dorsal aspect of the base of the 2nd metacarpal
A: Extend and abduct the hand at the wrist; active during fist clenching
IN: Radial nerve (C6, C7)
57
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (via the common extensor tendon)
I: Dorsal aspect of the base of the 3rd metacarpal
A: Extend and abduct the hand at the wrist; active during fist clenching
IN: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)
58
Extensor Digitorum
O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (via the common extensor tendon)
I: Extensor expansions of the medial four digits (located between the MCP and PIP joints)
A: Extends elbow and hand at the wrist; extends the medial four digits primarily at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, secondarily at the interphalangeal (IP) joint
IN: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)
59
Extensor Digiti Minimi
O:Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (via the common extensor tendon)
I: Extensor expansion of the 5th digit
A: Weak wrist extension; extends the 5th finger primarily at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, secondarily at the interphalangeal (IP) joint
IN: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)
60
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)
O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (via the common extensor tendon); posterior border of the ulna via a shared aponeurosis
I: Dorsal aspect of the base of the 5th metacarpal
A: Extends and adducts the hand at the wrist; active during fist clenching
IN: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)
61
Supinator
O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus (via the common extensor tendon); radial collateral and anular ligaments; supinator fossa; crest of the ulna
I: Lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of the proximal third of the radius
A: Supinates the forearm; rotates the radius to turn the palm anteriorly or superiorly (if elbow is flexed)
IN: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)
62
Abductor Pollicis Longus
O: Posterior surface of the proximal halves of the ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane
I: Base of the 1st metacarpal
A: Abducts and extends the thumb at the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint
IN: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
63
Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)
O: Posterior surface of the distal third of the radius and the interosseous membrane
I: Dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
A: Extends the proximal phalanx of the thumb at the MCP joint; extends the CMC joint
IN: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
64
Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)
O: Posterior surface of the middle third of the ulna and interosseous membrane
I: Dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
A: Extends the distal phalanx of the thumb at the IP joint; extends the thumb at the MCP and CMC joints
IN: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
65
Extensor Indicis
O: Posterior surface of the distal third of the ulna and the interosseous membrane
I: Extensor expansion of the 2th digit
A: Helps to extends the hand at the wrist; extends the 2nd digit (enabling its independent extension from the other digits)
IN: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve
66
Psoas Major
O: Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
I: Lesser trochanter of the femur
A: Flex the thigh at the hip; stabilize the hip joint
IN: Anterior rami of the lumbar nerves (L1, L2, L3)
67
Psoas Minor
O: Sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral discs
I: Pectineal line; iliopectineal eminence via the iliopectineal arch
A: Flex the thigh at the hip; stabilize the hip joint
IN: Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2)
68
Iliacus
O: Iliac crest; iliac fossa; ala of the sacrum; anterior sacroiliac ligaments
I: Tendon of psoas major; lesser trochanter and the femur distal to it
A: Flex the thigh at the hip; stabilize the hip joint
IN: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
69
Sartorius
O: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the superior part of the notch inferior to it
I: Superior part of the medial surface of the tibia (pes anserine)
A: Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the thigh at the hip joint; flexes the leg at the knee joint (thus internally rotating the leg when the knee is flexed)
IN: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
70
Rectus Femoris
O:Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and the ilium superior to the acetabulum
I:Via the quadriceps tendons and independent attachments to the base of the patella; indirectly via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
A: Extend the leg at the knee joint; steadies the hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex the thigh
IN: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
71
Vastus Lateralis
O: Greater trochanter and the lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur
I: Via the quadriceps tendons and independent attachments to the base of the patella; indirectly via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity; tibia and patella via the aponeurosis
A: Extend the leg at the knee joint
IN: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
72
Vastus Medialis
O: Intertrochanteric line and the medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur
I: Via the quadriceps tendons and independent attachments to the base of the patella; indirectly via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity; tibia and patella via the aponeurosis
A: Extend the leg at the knee joint
IN: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
73
Vastus Intermedius
O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the femur
I: Via the quadriceps tendons and independent attachments to the base of the patella; indirectly via the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
A: Extend the leg at the knee joint
IN: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
74
Pectineus
O: superior ramus of the pubis
I: Pectineal line of the femur, just inferior to the lesser trochanter
A: Adducts and flexes the thigh; assists with internal rotation of the thigh
IN: femoral nerve L2, L3 an may receive a branch from the obturator nerve
75
Tensor Fascia Latae
O: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); anterior part of the iliac crest
I: Iliotibial tract, which attaches to the lateral condyle of the tibia
A: Abduct and internally rotate the thigh; keeps the pelvis level when the ipsilateral limb is weight bearing and the contralateral leg is advancing (unsupported) during swing phase
IN: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
76
Adductor Longus
O: Body of the pubis inferior to the pubic crest
I: Middle third of the linea aspera of the femur
A: Adducts the thigh
IN: Obturator nerve, branch of the anterior division (L2, L3, L4)
77
Adductor Brevis
O: Body and the inferior ramus of the pubis
I: Pectineal line and the proximal part of the linea aspera
A: Adducts the thigh and to some extent, flexes it
IN: Obturator nerve, branch of the anterior division (L2, L3, L4)
78
Adductor Magnus
O: Adductor part: inferior ramus of the pubis; ramus of the ishium
Hamstrings part: ischial tuberosity
I: Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity; linea aspera; medial supracondylar line Hamstring part: adductor tubercle of the femur
A: Adducts the thigh
Adductor part: flexes the thigh; Hamstring part: extends the thigh
IN: Adductor part: obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4), branches of the posterior division
Hamstring part: tibial part of the sciatic nerve (L4)
79
Gracilis
O:Body and the inferior ramus of the pubis
I: Superior part of the medial surface of the tibia (pes anserine)
A: Adducts the thigh; flexes the leg; helps to internally rotate the leg
IN: Obturator nerve (L2, L3)
80
Obturator Externus
O: Margins of the obturator foramen and the obturator membrane
I: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
A: Externally rotates the thigh; steadies the head of the femur in the acetabulum
IN: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)
81
Gluteus Maximus
O: ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx;sacrotuberous ligament
I: Most fibers end in iliotibial tract, which inserts into lateral condyle of tibia; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity
A: Extends thigh (especially from flexed position) and assists in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position
IN: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
82
Gluteus Medius
O: External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
I: Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
A: Abduct and medially rotate thigh; keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight-bearing and advance opposite limb (unsupported) side during its swing phase
IN: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
83
Gluteus Minimus
O: External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
I: Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
A: Abduct and medially rotate thigh; keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight-bearing and advance opposite limb (unsupported) side during its swing phase
IN: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
84
Piriformis
O: Anterior surface of sacrum; sacrotuberous ligament
I: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur
A: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
IN: Branches of anterior rami of S1, S2
85
Obturator Internus
O: Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
I: Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
A: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
IN: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
86
Superior Gemellus
O: ischial spine
I: medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa of femur)
A: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
IN: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
87
Inferior Gemellus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa of femur)
A: Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh; steady femoral head in acetabulum
IN: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
88
Quadratus Femoris
O: lateral border of ischial tuberosity
I: Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
A: laterally rotates thigh; steadies femoral head in acetabulum
IN: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
89
Semitendinosus
O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial surface of superior part of tibia
A: extend thigh; flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed these muscles can extend trunmk
IN:Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
90
Semimembranosus
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament (to lateral femoral condyle)
A: Extend thigh; flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed; when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
IN: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
91
Biceps Femoris
O: Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
I: Lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee
A: Flexes the leg and externally rotates it when the knee is flexed; extends the thigh
IN: Long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
92
Gastrocnemius
O: Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
I: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
A: Plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended; raises heel during walking; flexes leg at knee joint
IN: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
93
Plantaris
O: Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur; oblique popliteal ligament
I: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
A: Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle
IN: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
94
Soleus
O: Posterior aspect of head and superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula; soleal line and middle third of medial border of tibia
I: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
A:Plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee; steadies leg on foot
IN: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
95
Popliteus
O: Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
I: Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
A: Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by rotating the femur 5° on fixed tibia; medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
IN:Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
96
Flexor Digitorum Longus
O: Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; by a broad tendon to fibula
I: Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
A: Flexes lateral four digits; plantarflexes ankle; supports longitudinal arches of foot
IN: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
97
Flexor Hallucis Longus
O: Inferior two thirds of posterior surface of fibula; inferior part of interosseous membrane
I: Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux)
A: Flexes great toe at all joints; weakly plantarflexes ankle; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
IN: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
98
Tibialis Posterior
O: Interosseous membrane; posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; posterior surface of fibula
I: Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and sustentaculum tali of calcaneus; bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals
A: Plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot
IN: Tibial nerve (L4, L5)
99
Abductor Hallucis
O: Medial tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneus; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis
I: Medial side of the base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: Abducts and flexes 1st digit (great toe/hallux)
IN: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
100
Abductor Digiti Minimi
O: Medial and lateral tubercles of the tuberosity of the calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
A: Abducts and flexes the 5th digit
IN: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
101
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
O: Medial tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa
I: Both sides of the middle phalanges of lateral four digits
A: Flexes lateral four digits
IN: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
102
Quadratus Plantae
O: Medial surface and lateral margin of the plantar surface of the calcaneus
I: Posterolateral margin of the tendon of flexor digitorum longus
A: Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four digits
IN: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
103
Adductor Hallucis
O: Oblique head: bases of the 2nd-4th metatarsals
Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints
I: Tendons of both heads attach to the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: Flexes and adducts the 1st digit at the MTP joint; supports the transverse arch of foot
IN: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
104
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
O: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms
I: Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
IN: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
105
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
O:Base of 5th metatarsal
I: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
IN: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
106
Lumbricals
O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
I: Medial aspect of the expansion over the lateral four digits
A: Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four digits
IN: Medial one: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
107
Plantar Interossei
O:Bases of medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
I:Medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
A:Adduct digits (3-5) and flex metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints
IN:Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
108
Dorsal Interossei
O:Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
I:1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
2nd-4th: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
A:Abduct digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints
IN:Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
109
Fibularis Longus
O: Head and superior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
I: Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
A: Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
IN: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
110
Fibularis Brevis
O:Inferior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula
I: Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
A: Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
IN: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
111
Tibialis Anterior
O: Lateral condyle and superior half of the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseous membrane
I: Medial and inferior surfaces of the medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
A: Dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts the foot
IN: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
112
Extensor Digitorum Longus
O:Lateral condyle of the tibia and superior three quarters of the medial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
I:Middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four digits
A:Extends the lateral four digits and dorsiflexes the ankle
IN: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
113
Extensor Hallucis Longus
O:Middle part of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
I: Dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe (hallux)
A:Extends the great toe and dorsiflexes the ankle
IN: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
114
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
O:Calcaneus (the floor of the tarsal sinus); interosseous talocalcaneal; stem of inferior extensor retinaculum
Dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe
A:Aids the extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint
IN:Deep fibular nerve (L5 or S1, or both)
115
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
O: Calcaneus (the floor of the tarsal sinus); interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; stem of the inferior extensor rentinaculum
I: Long extensor tendons of the 2nd-5th digits
A: Aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the 2nd - 5th digits at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints
IN: Deep fibular nerve (L5 or S1, or both)
116
Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
O: Inferior third of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
I: Dorsum of the base of the 5th metatarsal
A: Dorsiflexes the ankle and aids in eversion of the foot
IN: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
117
Orbicularis Oris
O: Medial maxilla and the mandible; deep surface of the perioral skin; angle of the mouth
I: Mucous membrane of the lips
A: tonus; closes oral fissure, Phasic contraction compresses and protrudes the lips (kissing) or resists distension (blowing)
IN: Facial nerve (CN VII) via buccal
118
Depressor Anguli Oris
O:Anterolateral base of the mandible
I: Angle of the mouth
A: Part of dilators of the mouth; depresses the labial commissure bilaterally to frown (sadness)
IN: Facial nerve (CN VII) via marginal mandibular
119
Levator Labii Superioris
O: Infraorbital margin (maxilla)
I: Skin of the upper lip
A: part of dilator of mouth; retract, Elevate and/or evert the upper lip; deepen the nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)
IN: Facial nerve (CN VII) via buccal
120
Levator Anguli Oris
O: Infraorbital maxilla (canine fossa)
I: Angle of the mouth
A: Part of dilators of mouth; widens
oral fissure, as when grinning or
grimacing
IN: Facial nerve (CN VII) via buccal
121
Buccinator
O: Mandible; alveolar process of the maxilla and the mandible; pterygomandibular raphe
I: Angle of the mouth; obicularis oris
A: Presses cheek against the molar teeth; works with the tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of the oral vestibule; resists distension (when blowing)
IN: Facian nerve (CN VII) via buccal
122
Orbicularis Oculi
O: Medial orbital margin; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone
I: Skin around the margin of the orbit; superior and inferior tarsal plates
A: Closes the eyelids; palpebral part does so gently; orbital part does so tightly (winking)
IN: Facial nerve (CN VII) via temporal and zygomatic
123
Platysma
Subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular and supraclavicular regions
Base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip; angle of mouth (modiolus); orbicularis oris
A: Draws the corner of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (sadness and fright); draws the skin of the superiorly when teeth are clenched
IN: Cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
124
Sternohyoid
O: Manubrium of the sternum and the medial end of the clavicle
I: Body of the hyoid
A: Depresses the hyoid after elevation during swallowing
IN: C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
125
Omohyoid
O: Superior border of the scapula near the suprascapular notch
I: Inferior border of the hyoid
A: Depresses, retracts, and steadies the hyoid
IN: C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
126
Sternothyroid
O: Posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
I: Oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
A: Depress the hyoid and the larynx
IN: C2 and C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
127
Thyrohyoid
Oblique line of the thyroid cartilage
Inferior border of the body and greater horn of the hyoid
Depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx
C1 via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
128
Anterior Digastric
Digastric fossa of the mandible
Intermediate tendon to the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
Working with the infrahyoid muscles, depresses the mandible against resistance; elevates and steadies the hyoid during swallowing and speaking
Nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve
129
Posterior Digastric
Mastoid notch of the temporal bone
Intermediate tendon to the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
Working with the infrahyoid muscles, depresses the mandible against resistance; elevates and steadies the hyoid during swallowing and speaking
Digastric branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
130
Mylohyoid
Mylohyoid line of the mandible
Mylohyoid raphe and body of the hyoid
Elevates the hyoid, floor of the mouth, and tongue during speaking and swallowing
Nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve (from mandibular nerve, CN V3)
131
Stylohyoid
Styloid process of the temporal bone
Body of the hyoid
Elevates and retracts the hyoid, thus elongating the floor of the mouth
Stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
132
Sternocleidomastoid
Lateral surface of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line
Sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
Clavicular head: superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle
Unilateral contraction: tilts the head ipsilaterally (laterally flexes the neck) and rotates it so the face is turned superiorly toward the opposite side
Bilateral contraction: (1) extends the neck at the atlanto-occipital joints; (2) flexes the cervical vertebrae so that the chin approaches the manubrium or (3) extends the superior cervical vertebrae while flexing the inferior vertebrae so the chin is thrust forward with the head kept level
With the cervical vertebrae fixed, may elevate the manubrium and medial ends of the clavicles, assisting the pump-handle action of deep respiration
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI, motor); C2 & C3 nerves (pain and proprioception)
133
Anterior Scalene
Transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae
1st rib
Flex the head
C4-C6 spinal nerves
134
Middle Scalene
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae
Superior surface of the 1st rib; posterior groove for the subclavian artery
Laterally flexes the neck; elevates the 1st rib during inspiration
Anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
135
Posterior Scalene
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae
External border of 2nd rib
Laterally flex neck, elevate 2nd rib during forced inspiration
Anterior rami of C7-C8 cervical spinal nerves
136
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Base of the cranium, just anterior to the occipital condyles
Anterior surface of the lateral mass of C1 vertebrae
Flex the head
Branches from the loop between C1 and C2 spinal nerves
137
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Jugular process of the occipital bone
Transverse process of C1 vertebrae
Flex the head and help stabilize it
Branches from the loop between C1 and C2 spinal nerves
138
Longus colli
anterior tubercle of atlas, bodies of C1-C3, transverse processes of C3-C6
Bodies of C5-T3, transverse processes of C3-C5
Flexes neck with rotation (torsion) to opposite side if acting unilaterally
Anterior rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves
139
Longus capitis
Basilar part of occipital bone
Anterior tubercles of C3-C6 transverse processes
Flex the head
Anterior rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
140
External Intercostal
Inferior border of ribs
Superior border of ribs below
Elevate ribs during forced inspiration
Intercostal nerves
141
Internal/Innermost Intercostal
Inferior border of ribs
Superior border of ribs below
Interosseous part: depresses ribs, Interchondral part: elevate ribs during forced respiration
Intercostal nerves
142
Transversus Thoracis
Posterior surface of lower sternum
Internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6
Weakly depress ribs and proprioception
Intercostal nerves
143
Subcostal
Internal surface of lower ribs near their angles
Superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs below
Same as internal intercostal nerves
Intercostal nerves
144
Depressor labii inferioris
Platysma and anterolateral body of mandible
Skin on lower lip
Part of dilators of mouth; retracts
(depresses) and/or everts lower lip (pouting/sadness)
145
Lateral Pterygoid
Triangular two-headed muscle from (1) infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing of sphenoid (2) lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
Superior head attaches primarily to joint capsule and articular disc of TMJ; inferior head
attaches primarily to pterygoid fovea on anteromedial aspect of neck of condyloid process of mandible
Acting bilaterally, protracts mandible and depresses chin; acting unilaterally, swings jaw toward contralateral side; alternate unilateral contraction produces larger lateral chewing movements
Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve (CN V3) Via lateral pterygoid nerve
146
Medial pterygoid
quadrangular two head muscle from (1) medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone and (2) tuberosity of maxilla
Medial surface of ramus of mandile, inferior to mandibular foramen; in essence, a mirror image of ipsilateral masseter, two muscles flanking ramus
Acts synergistically with masseter to elevate mandible; contributes to protrusion; alternate unilateral activity produces smaller grinding movements
Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve (CN V3) Via medial pterygoid nerve
147
Temporalis
Triangular muscle with broad attachment to floor of temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia
Narrow attachment to tip and medial surface of coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
Elevates mandible, closing jaws; posterior, more horizontal fibers areally 1° retractors of mandible
Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve CN V3 Via deep temporal branches
148
Masseter
Quadrate muscle attaching to inferior border and medial surface of maxillary process of zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch
Angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible
Elevates mandible, closing jaws; superficial fibers make limited contribution to protrusion of mandible
Anterior trunk of mandibular nerve CN V3 Via masseter nerve
149
Occipitofrontalis Front belly
Epicranial aponeurosis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue of
eyebrows and forehead
Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles
skin of forehead; protracts scalp
(indicating surprise or curiosity)
150
Occipitofrontalis Occipital belly
Lateral two thirds of superior nuchal line
Epicranial aponeurosis
Retracts scalp; increasing effectiveness
of frontal belly
151
Zygomaticus major
Lateral aspect of zygomatic bone
Angle of mouth (modiolus)
Part of dilators of mouth; elevate
labial commissure—bilaterally to
smile (happiness); unilaterally to sneer, disdain
152
Risorius
Parodi fascia and buccal skin (highly variable)
Angle of mouth (modiolus)
Part of dilators of mouth; depresses
labial commissure bilaterally to
frown (sadness)
153
Mentalis
Body of mandible (anterior to roots of inferior incisors)
Skin of chian (mentolabial sulcus)
Elevates and protrudes lower lip;
elevates skin of chin (showing doubt)
154
Geniohyoid
Inferior mental spine of mandible
body of the hyoid
Pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly , widens pharynx, shortens floor of the mouth
C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
