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Anatomy and Neuroscience > Muscles of the Head > Flashcards

Muscles of the Head Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different classifications of muscles in the head?

A
  1. Mastication
  2. Facial Expression
  3. Extraocular
  4. Middle Ear
  5. Soft Palate and Pharynx
  6. Tongue
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2
Q

What are the muscles of mastication and their roles?

A

Masseter: elevation
Temporalis: elevation, retraction and lateral incursion
Medial Pterygoids: elevation and incursion
Lateral Pterygoids: protrusion and incursion `

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3
Q

What are the different subgroups of the muscles of facial expression?

A
  • Orbital group
  • Oral/cheek group
  • Nasal group
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4
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear and what are their general function?

A
  • Tensor Tympani
  • Stapedius

Protect the ear from loud and possibly damaging noises

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5
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Temporalis muscle

A

Origin: Temporal fossa

I: coronoid process of mandible + anterior border of ramus of mandible

Action: Elevation of mandible, retraction and lateral incursion

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6
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Masseter muscle

A

O: Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of zygomatic bone

I: Angle and later surface of ramus of mandible

Action: elevation of mandible

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7
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Medial Pterygoids

A

O: temporal fossa

I: Coronoid process on mandible + anterior border of ramus of mandible

Action:

  • Bilateral: elevation of mandible
  • Unilateral: lateral incursion to opposite side of contracting muscle
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8
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Lateral Pterygoids

A

O: Greater wing of sphenoid + infra-temporal fossa + lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

I: Condyloid process + joint disc and capsule TMJ

Action:

  • Bilateral: protrusion of mandible
  • Unilateral: lateral incursion to opposite side of the contracting muscle
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9
Q

What CN innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Fascial Nerve (VII)

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10
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of muscles of facial expression

A

Originate: Bone of fascia

Insertion: skin

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11
Q

Describe the purpose of the orbital group of the muscles of facial expression

A

Eyebrows: elevate, draw inferiorly and medially

Close eyes gently and more forcefully

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12
Q

Describe the purpose of the nasal group of the muscles of facial expression

A

Flare nostrils, compress nasal apertures, draw nose inferiorly, wrinkle skin on the upper nose

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13
Q

Describe the purpose of the oral/cheek group of the muscles of facial expression

A

Mouth:

  • close mouth
  • elevate upper lip
  • depress lower lip
  • act on angle of the mouth to elevate
  • widen or depress
  • protrude lips
  • compress cheeks against teeth
  • compress distended cheeks
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14
Q

What are the 7 extra ocular eye muscles?

A

4 rectus (superior, inferior, medial and lateral)

2 obliques (superior and inferior) –> insert in a more posterior aspect of the sclera

Levator palpebrae superioris: opens the upper eye lid

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15
Q

Describe the effect of the extra ocular eye muscles on the eye

A

Horizontal plane (adduction and abduction)

Up and down

around the anteroposterior axis (intorsion/internal rotation)

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16
Q

What 2 types of eye movements occur so that the eyes stay aligned with each other when tracking an object?

A

Conjugate movements: 2 eyes moving at the same time in the same direction (as in visual tracking an object)

Vergence movements: 2 eyes move in opposite directions (convergence when we look at close objects- slightly cross eyed)

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17
Q

What is the opening to the oral cavity?

A

Oral fissure

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18
Q

What makes the roof of the oral cavity?

A

hard and soft palate

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19
Q

What makes the floor of the oral cavity?

A

mainly soft tissue; including the tongue and muscular diaphragm

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20
Q

What makes the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

cheeks

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21
Q

What makes the posterior aperture (opening) of the oral cavity?

A

oropharyngeal isthmus which opens into oropharynx

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22
Q

What makes the area between cheeks and teeth of the oral cavity?

A

oral vestibule

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23
Q

What makes the inner area enclose by dental arch of the oral cavity?

A

oral cavity proper

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24
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • inlet for digestive system: mastication and salivary secretion
  • Manipulates sounds produced by larynx for speech
  • Can be used for breathing as opens into pharynx (patent airway)
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25
Describe the position of the tongue and soft palate during mouth breaking
- At rest, breathing should predominantly occur through the nasal cavity - Mouth should be closed, with the tongue positioned against the hard palate and the lips gently held together - When mouth breathing is required, air can enter larynx as tongue relaxed onto oral cavity floor and soft palate in neutral
26
Describe the position of the tongue and soft palate when the oral cavity is filled with food or liquid
Soft palate= depressed to close off oropharyngeal isthmus Posterior tongue= elevated
27
Describe the position of the tongue and soft palate when swallowing
Soft palate= elevated to close of the pharynx, preventing food from entering the nose Tongue= push up against the hard palate, pushing food into the oropharynx
28
What is the term used to describe the tongue?
Glossus
29
What CN innervates the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)- except for one muscle
30
Describe the roles of the intrinsic tongue muscles
- Lengthen (protrude) - Shorten (retrude) - Curl - Uncurl (flatten) - round
31
Describe the roles of the extrinsic tongue muscles
- Protrude/retract | - Elevate/depress
32
Name the intrinsic tongue muscles
- Superior longitudinal - Inferior longitudinal - Transverse (horizontal) - Vertical
33
What is the role of the superior longitudinal?
Curls apex of tongue upwards, shortens (retrudes) tongue
34
What is the role of the inferior longitudinal?
Curs apex of tongue downwards, shortens (retrudes)
35
What is the role of the vertical muscles?
Flattens and broadens tongue
36
What is the role of the transverse muscles?
narrow/elongates (protrudes) tongue
37
Describe the origin of extrinsic tongue muscles
All originate from structures outside the tongue and insert onto the tongue Palate, styloid process, hyoid bone, genial tubercles
38
Name the extrinsic tongue muscles and their origins
Palatoglossus: palate Genioglossus: genial tubercles Styloglossus: Styloid process hyoglossus: hyoid bone
39
Describe the suprahyoids
muscles underneath the tongue in the floor of the mouth, attaching to the superior margin of the hyoid
40
What CN innervates the anterior gastic and myohyloid?
V3
41
What CN innervates the stylohyoid and posterior digastric?
VII
42
What innervates the geniohyloid musle?
XII
43
What does the soft palate form?
The arched roof of the oral cavity
44
Describe the components of the palate
Anterior 2/3= hard palate (palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bones) Posterior 1/3= soft palate
45
What lies lateral to the SP?
continuous with walls of pharynx and is joined to tongue and pharynx by palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
46
Describe the effects of the musculus uvulae on the uvula?
Shortens and pull uvula superiorly
47
Describe the effect of the palatophayngeus on the SP
pulls walls superiorly, anteriorly and medially during swallowing
48
Name of the muscles of the soft palate
- Tensor Veli palatini (V3) - Levator veli palatini (X) - palatoglossus (X/XI) - Palatopharyngeus (X/XI)
49
What is the role of the tensor veli palatini?
holds fauces open
50
What is the role of the levator veli palatini?
Elevates the soft palate
51
What muscle group pushes bolus towards oesophagus?
Constrictor muscles
52
What has to happen to the pharynx when a bolus enters?
Has to be shortened, widened and then constricted to push the bolus towards the oesophagus
53
What are the muscles of the pharynx and what CN innervates them?
- Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus - Salpingopharyngeus Innervated by pharyngeal plexus (IX and X)
54
Name the constrictor muscles
Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor
55
Where does the neurocranium derive from?
Neural crest cells and mesoderm
56
Where does the viscerocranium derive from?
Nerual crest cells or cartilage within pharyngeal arches 1 and 2
57
Where do muscles groups within the head derive from?
Pharyngeal arches
58
What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 1 and what CN innervates them?
- Muscles of mastication - Anterior digastric and myohyloid (suprahyoids) - Tensor tympani - Tensor veli palatini All innervated by CN V
59
What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 2 and what CN innervates them?
- Muscles of facial expression - Posterior digastric, stylohyoid (suprahyoids) - Stapedius All innervated by CN VII
60
What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 3 and what CN innervates them?
Stylopharyngeus Innervated by CN IX
61
What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 4 and what CN innervates them?
- Pharyngeal muscles - Levator veli palatini Innervated by CN X
62
What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 6 and what CN innervates them?
Laryngeal muscles Innervated by CN X
63
Where do extraocular eye muscles develop from?
mesenchymal cells from the mesoderm
64
Where do most of the tongue muscles form from?
Mesodermal myoblasts, derived from occipital somites

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