Osteology of the Head Flashcards by Aimee Rendell

What is contained within the skull?

Brain 
Special senses; 
- Eye (orbit) 
- Ear (outer/middle/inner) 
- Olfaction (nasal cavity) 
- Taste (oral cavity)

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What is the role of the specific structures of the nasal cavity?

Increased turbulence and SA

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Describe the treatment of air in the nasal cavity

Changes to moisture, temperature and trapping of particular matter via contact with blood flow and mucous membrane

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What makes up the mastication apparatus?

Teeth
Moving jaw
Muscle attachments

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What are paranasal sinuses?

Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, play a role in vocalisation, located in ethmoid frontal sphenoid and maxillary bones. Drains into nasal cavity and aid in the projection of voice and crash barrier for brain (shock absorbance)

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What are the moving part of the skull?

Mandible (at the tempomandibular joint - TMJ)

Ossicles in middle ear

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What are the sutures of the skull?

Sagittal, coronal and patietooccipital suture

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What are useful land marks of the external aspect of the skull?

Pterion- H-shaped (temple)
Nasion- T-shaped (bridge of nose)
Lambda - Like the greek letter, joining of the sagittal and parietooccipital sutures
Bregma- T-shaped, joining of coronal and sagittal sutures
Vertex- highest point of the skull

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What are the name of bones formed within sutures of the skull?

Wormian bones (or sutural)

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What main features lead to the higher growth rate of the facial skeleton in comparison to the calvaria?

teeth (and additional support)
Paranasal sinuses
Some parts still cartilaginous, will ossify later

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What is the frame/line of reference for the divisions of the skull?

Orbito-meatal plane

From superior margin of external auditory meatus
to inferior margin of bony orbit

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Name some external features consisting of more than one bone

bony orbit, nasal cavity, zygomatic arch, temporal fossa, infra-temporal fossa, cranial fossa

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describe the internal aspects of the cranial base

cranial fossae

anterior (frontal lobe)
middle (temporal lobe)
posterior (cerebellum)

Grooved by blood vessels

Dural sinuses
Drain brain

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What is the widest part of the skull, located on the parietal bones?

Parietal eminences, separated by the biparietal diameter

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What are the temporal lines of the parietal bones?

Superior and inferior temporal bones

Shared with frontal bone
attachment for temporalis muscle

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What are the features of the anterior external surface of the frontal bone?

Zygomatic process
Supraorbital notch (passage of nerve of the same name)
Superior rim of the orbit

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Where is the anterior cranial fossa located?

in the internal surface of the frontal bone, pierced by the ethmoid bone

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What are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?

Squamous part (SP)
- Tile-like 
Mastoid process (MP) 
- mastoid air cells 
- Mastoid notch (behind) 
- Roughened 
Petrous Part (PP) 
- Rock-like
- Houses middle and inner ears

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Name the external features of the temporal bone

Mastoid process (MP) and notch
Zygomatic process (joins with zygomatic bone)
External auditory meatus
Tympanic plate

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Name the internal features of the temporal bone

Petrous part
Arcuate eminence
> Raised
>Semicircular canals
> inner ear
tegmen tympani
> roof of middle ear
> lateral to the arcuate eminence
Internal auditory meatus
> pathway for nerve back to brain

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Name the temporal bone foramen seen from the interior aspect

Foramen lacerum
- rough edges
Jugular foramen
- For jugular vein

From lateral to medial:

Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
Carotid canal

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What are the 4 parts of the occipital bone and what do they develop around?

Squamous, 2 lateral and a basal

Develop around foramen magnum

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What are the names of the lines found on the external surface of the occipital bone?

Superior and inferior nuchal lines

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What is the name of the dunky protuberance central on the superior nuchal line?

External occipital protuberance

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What is the name of the coronal line on the external aspect of the occipital bone?

External occipital crest?

What are the matching interior features of the occipital bone for the EOC and EOP?

Internal occipital protuberance and internal occipital crest

What are dural sinuses of the occipital bone?

Groves fro veinous drainage

What are the names of the lateral parts of the occipital bone that articulate with the superior articulating facets of C1

Occipital condyles

Where is the pharyngeal tubercle located and what is its purpose?

Located on the basiocciput, joining with the sphenoid (anteriorly) - attachment of pharyngeal raphe - suspends pharynx

What features does the zygomatic bone contribute to?

- Bony orbit (inferio-lateral) | - Cheek

Where is the temporal process of the zygomatic bone located?

Where it attaches to temporal bone, contributing to the zygomatic bone

What is the frontal process of the zygomatic bone?

where it attaches to the frontal bone

What features does the maxilla bone contribute to?

Bony orbit, nose, upper dental arcade, bone palate (hard palate)

What are notable features of the maxilla bone?

- Alveolar processes to house upper teeth - Infraorbital foramen for infraorbital nerve - Maxillary air sinus

What are the processes named for bony attachment of the zygomatic bone?

- Frontal process | - Zygomatic process

What 3 cavity walls do the palatine bones contribute to?

- Floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity - roof of mouth - floor of orbit

What are the plates and processes of the palatine bones?

- Horizontal plate - Perpendicular plate - Pyramidal process (faces backward and lateral) - Sphenoidal process - Orbital process

What are the components of the sphenoid bone? (thing wings and major parts)

Greater wing - seen laterally - seen in the orbit - contains foramina Lesser wing - seen in bony orbit Body - fuses with basiocciput - houses pituitary gland - contains air sinus

What are the features of the internal sphenoid bone body?

Anterior clinoid process (ACP) Posterior clinoid process (PCP) Pituitary fossa (depression between the ACP and PCP) Sella turcica

What are the foramina of the sphenoid bone?

``` Foramen Rotundum (round) Foramen Ovale (oval) Foramen spinosum (near spine) Optic canal (in lesser wing) ```

What are the 2 fissures of the sphenoid bone? (think bony orbit)

Superior orbital (SOF) and inferior orbital (IOF)

What is the canal located within the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone? (bony orbit)

Optic canal

What are the boney features found on the external aspect of the sphenoid bone (plates, fossae etc)-4 in total

Lateral pterygoid plate medial pterygoid plate pterygoid hamulus (hook) pterygoid fossa

Where specifically is the pterygoid hook found on the external aspect of the sphenoid bone?

on most inferior aspect of medial pterygoid plate

What bony features does the ethmoid bone contribute to?

Nasal cavity - Roof - Bony nasal septum - Lateral wall superior, middle conchae Bony Orbit - Medial wall Has hair cells (PN sinus)

Describe in detail the ethmoid bone's contribution to the nasal cavity

``` ROOF Cribiform plate - Slieve-like - Olfactory nerves Crista galli - Attachment 4 membranes of brain ``` BONY NASAL SEPTUM - Has perpendicular plate - septum completed by vomer bone (attaching inferiorly)

What is the difference between the superior & middle nasal conchae compared to the inferior nasal conchae?

First 2 are formed by the ethmoid bone where as inferior is not

Describe the attachments of the vomer

- Sphenoid superiorly - perpendicular plate of ethmoid - upper anterior and septal cartilage - Maxilla inferiorly

What does the lacrimal bone contribute to?

Contributes to medial wall of bony orbit - Extends as nasolacrimal duct - drains into nasal cavity - Contributes to anteriolateral wall of nasal cavity - joins to cartilage

Name the cartilages that attach to the nasal, maxilla, ethmoid and vomer bones

2 lateral cartilages, separated by septal cartilages 2 alar cartilages - medial and lateral crus

What does the mandible contribute to?

- TMJ - Teeth - Muscle attachment

What are the physical divisions of the mandible?

- Ramus - Body - Angle - Internal and external surfaces

Name the processes of the mandible

Condylar process - Head & neck - posterior Coronoid process - muscle attachement Alveolar processes - house teeth

Name the mental features of the mandible

Mental foramen and mental protuberance

What is the mandibular foramen a pathway for?

innervation

what is the lingula?

Tongue of the bone, over the mandibular foramen | - attachment of sphenomandibular ligament

What is the mylohyoid line?

Line for muscle attachment | runs along the internal surface of the body of the mandible

Where would you find the digastric fossa?

internal surface of the mandible, behind the mental protuberance, meant for muscle attachment

What are the genial tubercles?

Superior and lateral to the digastric fossa, AKA the mental spine - point of muscle attachment of the geniohyoid muscle

What is at the inner most core of the tooth?

Specialised CT pulp

What are the 3 calcified tissues covering the pulp of the tooth?

Dentin (D) - bulk- 70% inorganic - From mesoderm Enamel (E) - 97% inorganic by weight - from ectoderm Cementum (C) - From mesoderm - Covers root

What ligament holds the tooth in place?

Peridontal ligament

What are the 2 tooth types?

Permanent | deciduous = primary

What is the dental formula for permanent teeth?

2123 (in one quadrant)

What are the 4 forms of tooth found in the adult mouth?

Incisors canine premolars molars

What is the dental formula for deciduous tooth types?

212

What are the 3 forms of tooth found in the child mouth?

Incisors Canine Molars (no premolars)

What is meant by the terms neurocranium and visceriocranium?

Neurocranium: - bony case for the brain - consists of calvaria (skull) and cranial base Viscerocranium: - Facial skeleton (14 bones)

What are the relative neurocranium:viscerocranium proportions of the following: - Adult - Neonate - chimpanzee

``` Adult= 1:3 Neonate= 1:10 Chimpanzee= 1:1 ```

What features are palpable on the living subject? (think what their common terms are)

Mastoid process (behind the ear), zygomatic arch (Cheekbone), external occipital protuberance (brow bone), angle of the mandible (jaw line), rim of bony orbit (eye socket)

Through what foramen does the inferior alveolar nerve emerge through to supply skin?

mandibular foramen

To what bone does the basiocciput fuse?

Sphenoid (anteriorly)

Where is the hypoglossal canal located?

next to the jugular foramen/under condyles

What nerve emerges through the supraorbital notch?

Supraorbital nerve

What structure sits in the mandibular fossa?

Head of the condylar process of the mandible

What emerges through the internal auditory meatus?

facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

What lies under the arcuate eminence?

inner ear

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

Infraorbital nerve

Where is the optic canal in relation to the superior orbital fissure?

Medial

What attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone?

4 membranes of the brain

what goes through the holes of the cribiform plate?

olfactory nerves

The vomer joins with what plate of which bone to form the nasal septum?

joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Where does the naso-lacrimal duct drain to?

nasal cavity

Osteology of the Head Flashcards

(83 cards)