Muscular and skeletal

Question 1

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

1. Protection
2. Shape and support
3. Mineral storage
4. Human movement
5. Blood cell production

Question 2

What is the role of a ligament

Answer 2

Attaches bone to bone
Absorbs shock
Ensures good posture and alignment

Question 3

What is the role of the tendon

Answer 3

Attaches muscle to bone
Transmits a contraction force to the
bone to create movement

Question 4

What is the role of cartilage

Answer 4

Covers the end of long bones
Prevents friction
Acts as a shock absorber

Question 5

What are the 5 synovial joints with examples

Answer 5

Ball and socket - Shoulder
Pivot - radio-ulna
Gliding - Spine
Hinge - Knee
Condyloid - Wrist

Question 6

Shoulder Joint: Articulating bones and joint type

Answer 6

Joint type: Ball and socket
Articulating bones: Humerus and scapula

Question 7

Knee joint: articulating bones and joint type

Answer 7

Joint type: Hinge
Articulating bones: Femur and tibia

Question 7

Wrist joint: Articulating bones and joint type

Answer 7

Joint type: Condyloid
Articulating bones: Radius and carpals and Ulna

Question 8

Ankle joint: Articulating bones and joint type

Answer 8

Joint type: Hinge
Articulating bones: Tibia, fibula, and talus

Question 9

Hip joint: Articulating bones and joint type

Answer 9

Joint type: Ball and socket
Articulating bones: Femur and pelvis

Question 10

Elbow joint: Articulating bones and joint type

Answer 10

Joint type: Hinge
Articulating bones: Humerus, radius, and ulna

Question 11

Radio-ulna joint: Articulating bones and joint type

Answer 11

Joint type: Pivot
Articulating: Radius, Ulna

Question 12

Hip joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 12

Flexion: Iliopsoas, Vertebrae, Femur, Gluteus Maximus
Extension: Gluteus Maximus, Vertebrae, Femur, Iliopsoas
Adduction: Adductor Longus/Brevis/Magnus, Pubis, Femur, Gluteus medius and Minimus
Abduction: Gluteus Medius and Minimus, Ilium, Femur, Adductor longus/brevis/Magnus
Medial Rotation: Gluteus Minimus, Ilium, Femur, Gluteus Maximus
Lateral Rotation: Gluteus Maximus, Vertebrae, Femur, Gluteus Minimus

Question 13

Knee Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 13

Extension Rectus Femoris, Ilium, Patella and Tibia, Bicep Femoris
Flexion Bicep Femoris, Ilium, Tibia and Fibula, Rectus Femoris,

Question 14

Ankle Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 14

Plantar flexion, Gastrocnemius Soleus, Femur (G) Tibia & fibula(S)
Calcaneus, Tibialis Anterior
Dorsiflexion, Tibialis Anterior, tibia, calcaneus, Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Question 15

Shoulder Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 15

Flexion: Anterior Deltoid, Clavicle, Humerus, Posterior Deltoid
Extension: Posterior Deltoid, Scapula, Humerus, Anterior Deltoid
Horizontal Flexion: Pectoralis Major, Clavicle, Sternum, Humerus, Trapezius
Horizontal Extension: Trapezius, Vertebrae, Clavicle & Scapula, Pectoralis Major
Adduction: Latissimus Dorsi, Vertebrae, Humerus, Middle Deltoid
Abduction: Middle Deltoid, Scapula, Humerus, Latissimus Dorsi
Medial Rotation: Teres Major, Scapula, Humerus, Teres Minor
Lateral Rotation: Teres Minor, Scapula, Humerus, Teres Major

Question 16

Wrist Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 16

Flexion: Wrist Flexors, Humerus, Metacarpals, Wrist Extensors
Extension: Wrist Extensors, Humerus, Metacarpals, Wrist Flexors

Question 17

Elbow Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 17

Flexion: Bicep Brachii, Scapula, Radius, Tricep Brachii
Extension: Tricep Brachii, Scapula, Ulna, Bicep Brachii

Question 18

Radio-Ulna Joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 18

Supination: Supinator, Ulna & Humerus, Radius, Pronator Teres
Pronation: Pronator Teres, Humerus, Radius, Supinator

Question 19

Spine joint: Movement allowed, Agonist, Origin, Insertion, Antagonist

Answer 19

Flexion: Rectus abdominus, Pubis, Ribs, Erector Spinae Group
Extension Erector Spinae Group, Vertebrae, Ribs, Rectus Abdominas
Lateral Flexion: Internal and External Obliques, Ribs, Ilium, External and Internal Obliques

Question 20

Different types of muscular contractions

Answer 20

Isotonic muscles contractions – Muscles that change length under tension: Shortening – concentric, Lengthening – eccentric
Isometric muscle contractions – muscles that don’t change in length but still remain under tension.

Question 21

What is a muscular contraction

Answer 21

Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within
muscle fibres
i.e muscles can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse

Question 22

How is the impulse transmitted

Answer 22

The brain is at the centre of the muscle contraction (it is the brain that sends the impulse)
Motor neuron transmits an impulse along the nervous system (CNS)
Dendrite is connected to the brain (has a lot of connection sites so it cannot be damaged easily)
Axon is the main body of the cell which travels down the spinal cord and into the muscles
Axon terminal is the motor end plates which are the connecting plates that connect to the muscle
Myelin sheath – insulates the cells, non-conductive, surround the axon just like a plastic coating around a wire
Node of Ranvier – gaps which allow the electrical impulses to travel quicker making the electricity jump from cell to cell which provides quicker reactions

Question 23

What is a motor unit

Answer 23

A motor neuron and all its associated muscle fibres

Question 24

What is an action potential?

Answer 24

A positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre (permanently charged)

Question 25

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 25

Action Potential cannot pass the synaptic cleft without a neurotransmitter or specifically acetylcholine (chemical secreted by the neuron sometimes written as Ach) Ach fills the ‘gap’ (synaptic cleft) to allow the impulse to continue So long as the impulse is ‘strong enough’ (above a threshold) and there is enough Ach then a wave of contraction will occur down the muscle which initiates the tension

Question 26

Describe the nervous stimulation of a motor unit/ how a skeletal muscle contracts

Answer 26

1. Electrical impulse causes an action potential and travels down the axon 2. Release of sodium/ NA+ causes depolarisation 3. Neurotransmitter or acetylcholine (Ach) is released 4. Travels across the synaptic cleft/ synapse 5. If the electrical charge is above the threshold, impulse stimulates muscle fibres to contract / causes wave of contraction 7. ‘All or none’ law means all fibres within motor unit contract or none

Question 27

3 functional characteristics of FG, FOG, SO

Answer 27

Speed of contraction: FG- fast, FOG - Fast, SO - slow Force of contraction: FG - high, FOG - high, SO - low Fatigue resistance: SO - High, FOG - Moderate, FG - Low

Question 28

3 structural characteristics of FG, FOG, SO

Answer 28

Neuron Size: SO - Small, FOG - Large, FG - Large Fibres per neuron: SO - Few, FOG - Many, FG - Many Capillary density: SO - High, FOG - High, FG - Low

Question 29

Henneman's size principle

Answer 29

This states that muscles are recruited in a ‘ladder system’ Depending on the intensity of the activity, SO muscles fibres will always be recruited first as they have the highest to resistance to fatigue. Low intensity: SO (type 1) muscle fibres will be recruited first Higher intensity: FOG (type 2a) fibres will be recruited alongside SO fibres Near maximal intensity: FG fibres are recruited as well as SO and FOG

Question 30

Muscle fibre types and recovery

Answer 30

Muscle fibre type Recovery speed Work:relief ratio SO: Vey quickly (recovered in 90 seconds), 1:1 or even 2:1 FOG: Slower than SO fibres but faster than FOG muscle fibres this can be depended on intensity of exercise e.g. if they have been used to exhaustion 1:2 FG: Very slowly (careful consideration is needed when designing a training session), 1:3+ including 1:5 or 1:6 for explosive strength/ events When weight lifting 3 – 5 minutes is required between sets