Muscular System Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
Muscles can be classified into 4 functional groups:
A
- prime
- movers
- antagonists
- synergists
- fixators
2
Q
The muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement.
A
prime movers or agonists
3
Q
Muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement are called ________.
A
antagonists
4
Q
They help prime movers by
(1) adding a little extra force to the same movement or
(2) reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the
prime mover contracts.
A
synergists
5
Q
When synergists immobilize a bone, or a muscle’s origin so that the prime mover has a stable base on which to act, they are more specifically called ________.
A
fixators
6
Q
Skeletal muscles are named according to a number of criteria:
A
- Location of the muscle.
- Shape of the muscle.
- Relative size of the muscle.
- Direction of muscle fibers.
- Number of origins.
- Location of the attachments.
- Action.
7
Q
This means muscle overlies the temporal bone.
A
temporalis
8
Q
This means muscles run between the ribs.
A
intercostal
9
Q
This means muscle is roughly triangular.
A
deltoid
10
Q
This means muscles form a trapezoid.
A
trapezius
11
Q
The following terms mean:
- maximus
- minimus
- longus
- brevis
A
- largest
- smallest
- long
- short
12
Q
The following terms means straight or fibers run parallel to that imaginary line.
A
rectus
13
Q
The terms _______ and _______ indicate that the muscle fibers run respectively at right angles and obliquely to that line.
A
transversus and oblique
14
Q
Arrangement of Fascicles
A
- Circular
- Convergent
- Parallel
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Fusiform
- Multipennate
15
Q
The fascicular pattern is _______ when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings.
A
circular
16
Q
A ________ muscle has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.
A
convergent
17
Q
In what arrangement does the long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle?
A
parallel
18
Q
Some authorities classify the spindle-shaped muscles into a separate class as ________ muscles.
A
fusiform
19
Q
In a _______ pattern, the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle.
A
pennate
20
Q
Refers to the partnerships between the muscular and skeletal systems.
A
lever systems
21
Q
A ____ is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed
point called the _____, when a force is applied to it.
A
lever; fulcrum
22
Q
Effort farther than load from fulcrum equals _______.
A
mechanical advantage
23
Q
Effort nearer than load to fulcrum equals ________.
A
mechanical disadvantage and is a speed lever
24
Q
In ________, the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the load is at the other, with the fulcrum somewhere between.
A
first-class levers
eg. scissors, and seesaws
25
In a _______, the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is located at the other, with the load between them.
second-class lever
eg. wheelbarrow
26
True or False. Some first-class levers in the body operate at a mechanical advantage (for strength).
True
27
True or False. The action of the triceps muscle in extending the forearm against resistance, operate at a mechanical disadvantage (for strength).
False. for SPEED and DISTANCE
28
True or False. All second-class levers in the body work at a mechanical disadvantage.
False. All second-class levers in the body work at a MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE.
29
In ________, the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum.
third-class levers
eg. tweezers and forceps
30
True or False. Third-class levers are speedy and always operate at a mechanical disadvantage.
True
31
Bipartite muscle consisting of the frontal and occipital bellies connected by a cranial aponeurosis, the galea aponeurotica; the alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp forward and backward.
Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
32
Covers forehead and dome of skull; no bony attachments.
With aponeurosis fixed, raises the eyebrows (as in surprise); wrinkles forehead skin horizontally
Frontal belly
33
Overlies posterior occiput; by pulling on the galea, fixes origin of frontalis.
Fixes aponeurosis and
pulls scalp posteriorly
Occipital belly
34
Small muscle; activity associated with that of orbicularis oculi
Draws eyebrows together and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically (as in frowning)
Corrugator supercilii
35
Closes eye; various parts can be activated individually; produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
Orbicularis oculi
36
Raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling muscle)
Zygomaticus
37
Draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist
| of zygomaticus
Risorius
38
Opens lips; raises and furrows the upper lip
Levator labii superioris
39
Draws lower lip inferiorly (as in a pout)
Depressor labii inferioris
40
Draws corners of mouth downward and laterally
| (as in a “tragedy mask” grimace); zygomaticus antagonist
Depressor anguli oris
41
Closes lips; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and
| whistling muscle
Orbicularis oris
42
Wrinkles chin; protrudes lower lip
Mentalis
43
Compresses cheek (as in whistling and sucking);
trampoline-like action holds food between teeth
during chewing; draws corner of mouth laterally;
well developed in nursing infants
Buccinator
44
Tenses skin of neck (e.g., during shaving); helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down,
i.e., produces downward sag of mouth
Platysma
45
Prime mover of jaw closure; elevates mandible
Masseter
46
Closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible;
maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep
anterior part may help protract mandible
Temporalis
47
Acts with the lateral pterygoid muscle to protrude (protract) mandible and to promote sideto-side side (grinding) movements; synergist of temporalis and masseter muscles in elevation of the mandible
Medial pterygoid
48
Provides forward sliding and side-to-side grinding
| movements of the lower teeth; protrudes mandible (pulls it anteriorly)
Lateral pterygoid
49
Compresses the cheek; helps keep food between
| grinding surfaces of teeth during chewing
Buccinator
50
Protracts tongue; can depress or act in concert with other extrinsic muscles to retract tongue
Genioglossus
51
Depresses tongue and draws its sides downward
Hyoglossus
52
Retracts (and elevates) tongue
Styloglossus
53
Muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone.
Suprahyoid muscles
54
Open mouth and depress mandible; acting in concert, the digastric muscles elevate hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech
Digastric
55
Elevates and retracts hyoid, thereby elongating
| floor of mouth during swallowing
Stylohyoid
56
Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, enabling
tongue to exert backward and upward pressure that
forces food bolus into pharynx
Mylohyoid
57
Pulls hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly, shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food
Geniohyoid
58
Straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking.
Infrahyoid
59
Depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is
| fixed; may also flex skull
Sternohyoid
60
Pulls larynx and hyoid bone inferiorly
Sternothyroid
61
Depresses and retracts hyoid bone
Omohyoid
62
Depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is
| fixed
Thyrohyoid
63
Constrict pharynx during swallowing, which propels a food bolus to esophagus (via a massagelike action called peristalsis)
Pharyngeal constrictor
| muscles
64
What is the major head flexors?
sternocleidomastoid muscles
65
The largest of the deep back muscle groups is the ________.
erector spinae group
66
Flexes and laterally rotates the head
Sternocleidomastoid
67
Elevate first two ribs (aid in inspiration); flex and
| rotate neck
Scalenes
68
Extend or hyperextend head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side
Splenius
69
Extend and laterally flex the vertebral column; maintain erect posture; acting on one side, bend vertebral column to same side
Iliocostalis
70
Thoracis and cervicis act together to extend and laterally flex vertebral column; capitis extends head
and turns the face toward same side
Longissimus
71
Extends vertebral column
Spinalis
72
Extends vertebral column and head and rotates
| them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscles of opposite side
Semispinalis
73
Flexes vertebral column laterally when acting
separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is
extended and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright
posture; assists in forced inspiration
Quadratus lumborum
74
They lift the rib cage, an action that increases the anterior to posterior and side-to-side dimensions of the thorax.
external intercostal muscles
75
The __________ form the deeper layer and may aid active (forced) expiration by depressing the rib cage.
internal intercostal muscles
76
Prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction, increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted, dramatically increases intra-abdominal pressure
Diaphragm
77
Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column;
fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking,
increase intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit-ups,
curls
Rectus abdominis
78
When pair contract simultaneously, flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall and increase
intra-abdominal pressure; acting individually, aid
muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls
External oblique
79
As for external oblique
Internal oblique
80
Compresses abdominal contents
Transversus abdominis
81
Supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera
Levator ani
82
Supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been
| reflected posteriorly by defecation and childbirth
Coccygeus
83
Supports pelvic organs; steadies central tendon
Deep transverse perineal muscle
84
Constricts urethra; allows voluntary inhibition of
| urination; helps support pelvic organs
External urethral sphincter
85
Retards venous drainage and maintains erection of
| penis or clitoris
Ischiocavernosus
86
Empties male urethra; assists in erection of penis
| and of clitoris
Bulbospongiosus
87
Stabilizes and strengthens midline tendon of perineum
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
88
With ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and
| downward
Pectoralis minor
89
Rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward
Serratus anterior
90
Helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle
Subclavius
91
Stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates scapula
Trapezius
92
Elevates/adducts scapula in concert with superior
| fibers of trapezius
Levator scapulae
93
Stabilize scapula
Rhomboids
94
Prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially;
| adducts arm against resistance
Pectoralis major
95
Prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers
| contract simultaneously
Deltoid
96
Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder
Latissimus dorsi
97
Chief medial rotator of humerus
Subscapularis
98
Initiates abduction
Supraspinatus
99
Rotates humerus laterally
Infraspinatus
100
Same action(s) as infraspinatus muscle
Teres minor
101
Extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus;
| synergist of latissimus dorsi
Teres major
102
Flexion and adduction of the humerus; synergist of
| pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
103
Powerful forearm extensor
Triceps brachii
104
Controls ulnar abduction during forearm pronation
Anconeus
105
Flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm
Biceps brachii
106
A major forearm flexor (lifts ulna as biceps lifts
| the radius)
Brachialis
107
Synergist in forearm flexion
Brachioradialis
108
Pronates forearm; weak flexor of elbow
Pronator teres
109
Powerful flexor of wrist; abducts hand; weak synergist of elbow flexion
Flexor carpi radialis
110
Tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements; weak wrist flexor; weak synergist for elbow flexion
Palmaris longus
111
Powerful flexor of wrist; also adducts hand in concert with extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior muscle);
stabilizes wrist during finger extension
Flexor carpi urnalis
112
Flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2–5;
| the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance are required
Flexor digitorum superficialis
113
Flexes distal phalanx of thumb
Flexor pollicis longus
114
Flexes distal interphalangeal joints
Flexor digitorum profundus
115
Prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with
pronator teres; also helps hold ulna and radius
together
Pronator quadratus
116
Extends wrist in conjunction with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts wrist in conjunction with the flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
117
Extends and abducts wrist; acts synergistically
with extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist
during finger flexion
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
118
Prime mover of finger extension
Extensor digitorum
119
Extends wrist in conjunction with the extensor carpi radialis and adducts wrist in conjunction with flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi urnalis
120
Assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm
Supinator
121
Assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm
Abductor pollicis longus
122
Extends thumb
Extensor pollicis brevis and longus
123
Extends index finger and assists in wrist extension
Extensor indicis
124
Abducts little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint
Abductor digiti minimi
125
Flexes little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
126
Helps in opposition: brings metacarpal 5 toward thumb to cup the hand
Opponens digiti minimi
127
Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints but extend fingers at interphalangeal joints
Lumbricals
128
Adductors of fingers: pull fingers in toward third digit
Palmar interossei
129
Abduct (diverge) fingers; extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints
Dorsal interossei
130
Iliopsoas is a composite of 2 closely related muscles
1. Iliacus
| 2. Psoas major
131
Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes
| knee
Sartorius
132
A triangular muscle with a broad insertion
Adductor magnus
133
Overlies middle aspect of adductor magnus
Adductor longus
134
Largely concealed by adductor longus and pectineus
Adductor brevis
135
Short, flat muscle; overlies adductor brevis on proximal thigh; abuts adductor longus medially
Pectineus
136
Long, thin, superficial muscle of medial thigh
Gracilis
137
Superficial muscle of anterior thigh; runs straight down thigh; longest head and only muscle of group to cross hip joint
Rectos femoris
138
Largest head of the quadriceps femoris group, forms lateral aspect of thigh
Vastus lateralis
139
Forms inferomedial aspect of thigh
Vastus medialis
140
Obscured by rectus femoris; lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on anterior thigh
vastus intermedius
141
Steadies the knee and trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut; flexes and abducts thigh; rotates thigh medially
Tensor fasciae latae
142
Major extensor of thigh
Gluteus maximus
143
Thick muscle largely covered by gluteus maximus;
| abducts and medially rotates thigh
Gluteus medius
144
Smallest and deepest of gluteal muscles
Gluteus minimus
145
Pyramidal muscle located on posterior aspect of hip joint
Piriformis
146
Flat, triangular muscle deep in superomedial aspect of thigh
Obturator externus
147
Surrounds obturator foramen within pelvis; leaves
pelvis via lesser sciatic notch and turns acutely
forward to insert in femur
Obturator internus
148
Two small muscles with common insertions and actions; considered extrapelvic portions of obturator internus
Gemellus
149
Short, thick muscle; most inferior of lateral rotator
| muscles; extends laterally from pelvis
Quadratus femoris
150
Most lateral muscle of the hamstrings group; arises from two heads
Biceps femoris
151
Lies medial to biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
152
Deep to semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
153
Superficial muscle of anterior leg; laterally parallels sharp anterior margin of tibia
Tibialis anterior
154
Unipennate muscle on anterolateral surface of leg;
| lateral to tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor digitorum longus
155
Dorsiflexes and everts foot
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
156
Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot
Extensor hallucis longus
157
Superficial lateral muscle; overlies fibula
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
158
Smaller muscle; deep to fibularis longus; enclosed in a common sheath
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
159
Superficial muscle of pair; two prominent bellies that form proximal curve of calf
Gastrocnemius
160
Broad, flat muscle, deep to gastrocnemius on posterior surface of calf
Soleus
161
Generally a small, feeble muscle, but varies in size and extent; may be absent
Plantaris
162
Thin, triangular muscle at posterior knee; passes inferomedially to tibial surface
Popliteus
163
Long, narrow muscle; runs medial to and partially overlies tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
164
Bipennate muscle; lies lateral to inferior aspect
| of tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
165
Thick, flat muscle deep to soleus; placed between
| posterior flexors
Tibialis posterior
166
Helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints; small, four-part muscle on dorsum of foot
Extensor digitorum brevis
167
Bandlike muscle in middle of sole; corresponds to
| flexor digitorum superficialis of forearm and inserts into digits in the same way
Flexor digitorum brevis
168
Abducts great toe
Abductor hallucis
169
Abducts and flexes little toe
Abductor digiti minimi
170
Straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus
Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)
171
Four little “worms”
Lumbricals
172
Flexes great toe’s metatarsophalangeal joint
Flexor hallucis brevis
173
Helps maintain the transverse arch of foot; weak adductor of great toe
Adductor hallucis
174
Flexes little toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
