Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
The ________ is composed of bones and cartilage connected by ligaments to form a framework for the rest of the body tissues.
A
skeletal system
2
Q
Functions of Skeletal System:
A
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral storage (electrolyte balance)
- Hemopoiesis
- Detoxification
3
Q
True or False. The skeletal system make up 20% body weight.
A
True
4
Q
True or False. 99% of body’s calcium is in bone tissue.
A
True
5
Q
It is the blood cell formation.
A
Hemopoiesis
6
Q
it is the process wherein bone tissue removes heavy metals and other foreign
materials from blood.
A
Detoxification
7
Q
True or False. At birth there are a total of 207 bones (organs).
A
False. 270
8
Q
True or False. the typical number of bones in an adult is 260.
A
False. 206
9
Q
These are small rounded bones that form
within tendons in response to stress.
A
sesamoid bones
eg. kneecap (patella), in knuckles
10
Q
These are bones that form within the sutures of skull.
A
wormian bones
11
Q
Each skeletal organ is composed of many kinds of tissues:
A
- bone (=osseous tissue)
- cartilage
- fibrous connective tissues
- blood (in blood vessels)
- nervous tissue
12
Q
General Shapes of Bones
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
13
Q
These are cylindrical, longer than wide
rigid levers for muscle actions eg crowbars
eg. arms, legs, fingers, toes
A
long
14
Q
A bone shape in which its length nearly equal width; limited motion, gliding if any
eg. carpals, tarsals, patella
A
short
15
Q
These are thin sheets of bone tissue
enclose and protect organs broad surfaces for muscle attachments
eg. sternum, ribs, most skull bones, scapula, coxa
A
flat
16
Q
These are elaborate shapes different long, short, and flat bones.
eg. vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
A
irregular
17
Q
Bones have outer shell of ________.
A
compact bone
18
Q
These are loosely organized bone tissue.
A
spongy (cancellous) bone
19
Q
A structure of a bone characterized by a large surface area for muscle attachment and pivot.
A
epiphyses
20
Q
Red marrow is also known as ________.
A
hemopoietic tissues
21
Q
What bone structure is this?
-resilient cushion of hyaline cartilage
A
articular cartilage
22
Q
What bone structure is this?
-thick compact bone but light
A
diaphysis
23
Q
What bone structure is this?
- “fat at the center of a ham bone”
A
medullar cavity
yellow marrow or fat (adipose) storage
24
Q
What bone structure is this?
-white fibrous connective tissue continuous with tendons
penetrates bone – welds blood vessels to bone
A
periosteum
25
What bone structure is this?
-fibrous CT that lines medullary cavity
endosteum
26
True or False. A bone is made of cells and matrix.
True.
27
True or False. A bone is a connective tissue.
True
28
Matrix contains lots of ________
collagen fibers
29
What provides life support system for
| bone cells?
periosteum
30
Cartilage differs from bone in 3 ways:
1. firm flexible gel is not calcified (hardened)
2. no haversian canal system
3. no direct blood supply
31
True or False. All bone ends as cartilage.
False. All bone STARTS as cartilage.
32
The matrix is hardened through a process called ________.
calcification
33
3 kinds of cartilage:
1. hyaline
2. fibrous
3. elastic
34
What is the most common cartilage?
hyaline
eg. covers articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage of ribs, rings of tracheae, nose
35
It is a cartilage that is mostly collagen fibers.
fibrous
eg. discs between vertebrae, pubic symphysis
36
This is a cartilage that also has elastic fibers.
elastic
eg. external ear, eustachian tube
37
Bone Markings
1. Foramen
2. Fossa
3. Sinus
4. Condyle
5. Tuberosity
6. Spine
38
A bone marking that is an opening in bone – passageway for nerves and blood vessels.
Foramen
39
It is a shallow depression – eg a socket into which another bone articulates.
Fossa
40
What is the internal cavity in a bone?
Sinus
41
This is a rounded bump that articulates with another bone.
Condyle
42
It is a small rough projection – point of attachment for muscle.
Tuberosity
43
A sharp slender process.
Spine
44
2 main subdivisions of skeletal system:
1. Axial
| 2. Appendicular
45
What is the division of the skeletal system which is composed of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage?
Axial
46
A skeletal system division containing the arms and legs and girdle.
Appendicular
47
True or False. The bones of the skull is not joined by sutures.
True
48
It is the most complex part of the skeleton system.
Skull
49
These are gaps in the skull.
fontanels
50
6 sinuses:
frontal -2
maxillary -2
ethmoid -1
sphenoid -1
51
This occurs when bones of palatine process of maxilla bones do not fuse properly.
cleft palate
52
It is the opening to ear canal leads to middle ear chamber.
external auditory meatus
53
True or False. Ear ossicles is the only bone that contains other bones.
True
54
3 bones in ear ossicles
1. malleus = hammer
2. incus = anvil
3. stapes = stirrup
55
It is the largest, strongest bone of face articulates at temporal bone.
Mandible or lower jaw
56
What is the large opening in base
| through which spinal cord passes?
foramen magnum
57
This is the articulation of vertebral column.
occipital condyles
58
This anchors many of the bones of cranium.
Sphenoid Bone
59
Refers to the depression for the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
60
It is very delicate and easily damaged by sharp upward blow to the nose.
Ethmoid Bone
61
What is it that is perforated with openings which allow olfactory nerves to pass?
cribiform plate
62
This is the passageways for air; filtering,
| warming, moistening.
nasal conchae
63
This is attachment of meninges.
crista galli
64
A single “U” shaped bone in neck just below mandible and above larynx (voice box).
Hyoid bone
65
What is the main axis of the body?
vertebral column
66
What is described?
-make vertebral column flexible rather than
rigid
-permits foreward, backward, and some
sideways movement
intervertebral discs
67
5 regions of vertebral column:
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. coccygea
68
A region of vertebral column that have transverse foramena.
cervical
69
This holds the head up.
atlas
70
This forms pivot “no” movement.
axis/dens (odontoid process)
71
It is distinguished by facets smooth areas for articulation of ribs.
thoracic
72
It is modified for attachment of powerful back muscles.
lumbar
73
This is a triangular bone formed from fused vertebrae.
sacrum
74
This is sometimes blocks birth canal, must be broken.
coccyx
75
What joins the ribs to the sternum?
costal cartilages
76
True or False. There are 5 pairs true ribs, 5 pairs false ribs.
False. 7 pairs of true ribs and 5 pairs of false ribs; the 2 sets of floating ribs are included
77
These attach the arms and legs to the axial skeleton.
girdles
78
The arms sacrifice _______ for dexterity and freedom of motion.
strength
79
The legs sacrifice _________ for strong support of the body.
freedom of motion
80
It rides freely and is attached by muscles and tendons to ribs but not by bone to bone joint.
scapula
81
What is the most frequently broken bone in the body, sometimes even during birth?
clavicle
82
True or False. Femur is the longest and largest bone of arm.
False. HUMERUS is longest and largest bone of arm.
83
This allows movement in all directions.
ball and socket joint
84
2 bones in the forearm:
1. radius
| 2. ulna
85
What is the main bone of the forearm?
ulna
86
This allows only flexion and extension.
hinge joint
87
What is the main attachment of lower arm to hand?
radius
88
3 kinds of bones in the hand:
1. carpals
2. metacarpals
3. phalanges
89
What provide flexibility and ability to grasp things?
carpals
90
It is the palm of the hand.
metacarpals
91
These are simple hinge joints for grasping.
phalanges
92
These are innominate bones.
coxa
93
It is the large flaring portion of pelvis.
false pelvis
94
It is the smaller actual opening.
true pelvis
95
Each coxa is produced by fusion of 3 bones:
1. ilium – upper, fan shaped
2. ischium – bottom, the actual bone you sit on
3. pubis – front
96
What pad of fibrous cartilage joins the 2 pubic bone?
pubic symphysis
97
What is the largest bone of the body?
femur
98
This is where the head of the femur fits.
acetabulum of pelvis
99
These are bones found where tension or pressure exists; also in thumb and large toe.
sesamoid bone
100
2 bones of the lower leg:
1. tibia
| 2. fibula
101
This is the main bone of the lower leg, articulates with both femur and foot.
tibia
102
This is the main bone of the lower leg, articulates with both femur and foot.
tibia
103
What is it that is thin & narrow, offers extra support for lower leg and foot?
fibula
104
3 types of bones in the foot:
1. tarsals
2. metatarsals
3. phalanges
105
They are thick angular bones; must support all the weight of the locked together and immoveable.
tarsals
106
It support most of the structure of the foot.
metatarsals
107
They act as shock absorbers.
arches
108
It is any place where 2 or more bones meet.
articulations
109
Joints can be categorized into 3 general kinds by the degree of movement & their structure:
1. immovable joints
2. slightly moveable joints
3. freely moveable joints
110
Also known as _______; bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue.
Immoveable Joints or Synarthroses (joined together)
111
Also known as _______; bones are joined by some kind of cartilage.
Slightly Moveable Joints or Amphiarthroses (on both sides)
112
Also known as ______; most complex joint structure; are actually organs, consisting of several tissues.
Freely Moveable Joints or Diarthroses (through a joining)
113
In freely moveable joints:
end of each bone is padded with _________.
articular cartilage
114
In freely moveable joints:
the ends of both bones are enclosed by ________.
synovial membrane
115
In freely moveable joints:
joint cavity is filled with ________.
synovial fluid
116
True or False. Bone is the densest tissue in the body.
True
117
2 kinds of bone cells:
1. osteoblasts = bone building cells
| 2. osteoclasts = bone destroying cells
118
What is the conversion of cartilage or other
connective tissue into bone by depositing
calcium and other minerals?
Ossification
119
What hormone helps bones to develop the proper proportions during infancy and childhood?
thyroid hormone
120
Calcium is used in body for:
1. muscle contractions
2. nerve impulses
3. synapses
4. heart beat
5. secretions
6. blood clotting
7. cofactors for enzymes
121
2 hormones involved in bone maintenance and blood calcium homeostasis:
1. Calcitonin - lower blood calcium levels
| 2. PTH - raise blood calcium levels
122
Disorders of Skeletal System
1. Fractures
2. Vertebral curvature
3. Osteoporosis
4. Rickets
5. Osteoarthritis
6. Rheumatoid Disease
7. Osteomyelitis
8. Ruptured (herneated) disc
9. Gout
10. Bursitis
