Muscular System Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Basic functions
A
structure, balance, posture, movement, heat
2
Q
Can conduct an action potential
A
Conductivity
3
Q
Reacts when stimulated
A
Irritability
4
Q
Can shorten and produce tension between its ends
A
Contractability
5
Q
Can return to resting properties after contraction
A
Relaxation
6
Q
Can be stretched
A
Distensibility
7
Q
Opposite of distensibility, resist elongation, return to og position after elongation
A
Elasticity
8
Q
3 types of muscles
A
Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac
9
Q
Striates or striped are further divided into
A
Skeletal and cardiac
10
Q
Weakest muscle
A
Smooth
11
Q
Involuntary
A
Cardiac and smooth
12
Q
Controlled by sinus node
A
Cardiac
13
Q
Connected by lateral branches
A
Cardiac
14
Q
Voluntary
A
Skeletal
15
Q
Indiv bundle of muscle fibers in skeletal muscles
A
Fascicle
16
Q
Where are diff muscles located + function
A
Skeletal - skeleton; move bones
Cardiac - heart; pump blood
Smooth - var organs; var functions like peristalsis
17
Q
Cell membrane of muscle fiber
A
Sarcolemma
18
Q
Gel-like substance inside the muscle cell
A
Sarcoplasm
19
Q
Storage ng calcium
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
20
Q
Regular arrangement of myofibrils
A
Sarcomeres
21
Q
Thick filaments are made up of
A
Myosin
22
Q
Thin filaments are made up of
A
Actin, topomyosin, troponin
23
Q
Separates sarcomeres from each other
A
Z-disc
24
Q
Dark, middle, overlap ng myosin and actin
A
A band
25
Lighter, thin filament lang
I band
26
Thick filament lang
H zone
27
Protein that causes muscles to contract
Myosin
28
Contains myosin-binding sites
Actin
29
Wraps around actin and covers myosin binding sites on actin
Tropomyosin
30
Moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites
Troponin
31
Contractile proteins
Myosin and actin
32
Regulatory proteins
Troponin and tropomyosin
33
Largest sa structural proteins
Titin
34
SFT: begins w/ what
Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
35
SFT: Ca binds first to..
troponin
36
SFT: Ano after sa troponin
Troponin moves tropomyosin, which exposes the actin active site
37
SFT: Ano next when exposed na actin active site
Myosin head forms cross-bridge and bend towards M-line
38
SFT: What releases cross-bridge
ATP
39
Focal point where motor neuron attaches to muscle
Neuromuscular junctions
40
Neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
41
When is acetylcholine released
When action potential reaches synapse
42
Short muscle contraction
Muscle twitch
43
Very prolonged contraction
Tetanus
44
What produces paralysis
Loss of function at the junction
45
Muscle tension less than opposing force, muscle remains at the same length
Isometric contraction
46
Muscle tension greater than opposing force, muscle shortens
Isotonic contraction
47
Skeletal muscle stays partially contracted at all times
Muscle tone
48
How muscles derive ATP
Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic glycolysis
Cellular respiration
49
Inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity
Muscle fatigue
50
Muscle fatigue is due to
inadequate release of CA from SR
Depletion of CP, oxygen, nutrients
Build up of lactic acid and ADP
Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ
51
Slow muscle
Red msucles
52
Fast muscle
White muscle
53
Can sustain contraction for a long period
Slow/ red muscle
54
Muscle packed with myoglobin and mitochondria
Slow/ red muscle
55
Less myoglobin and mitochondria, contract rapidly
Fast/ white muscle
56
Sudden and involuntary muscle cont
Spasm
57
Painful spasm that doesn't immediately release (often sa calf and thigh)
Cramp
58
Involuntary muscle twitches (often sa face and eyelids)
Tics
59
Genetic and life-threatening disease common sa children; muscles weaken and shrivel
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
60
Genetic not life-threatening disease usually seen in adults; affects hands and feet
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
61
Causes botulism
Clostridium botulinum
62
Causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
63
Muscles may be named based on
Location
Size
Shape
Number of origins
Appearance
Direction of fibers
Origin and insertion
Function
64
Lever S: Force due to muscular contraction
Effort
65
Lever S: Weight that is moved
Load
66
Lever S: Fixed point where lever can move around
Fulcrum
67
Lever S: Fulcrum between effort and load; uncommon
First-class levers
68
Lever S: Effort between fulcrum and load; common
Third-class levers
69
Lever S: Neck
1st class
70
Lever S: Legs
2nd class
71
Lever S: Arms
3rd class
72
All muscle fibers are ___ to one another w/in a single fascicle
Parallel
73
Muscle fascicles must compromise between what
Power and range of motion
74
Longer fibers --> what happens to range of motion?
Greater range of motion
75
Power of muscles depend on....
total cross-sectional area
76
In opposing muscle pair: muscle responsible for action
Prime mover
77
Prime mover is aka?
Agonist
78
In opposing muscle pair: stretches and yields to effects of the other muslce
Antagonist
79
Contract and stabilize intermediate joints
Synergist
80
Mastication: account for strength of bite
Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
81
Mastication: help to chew by moving the mandible from side-to-side
Medial and lateral pterygoid
82
Depresses mandible
Lateral pterygoid
83
Elevates mandible
Medial pterygoid
84
2 muscle in the anterior neck
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid
85
Connective tissue band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphisis
Linea alba
86
Form protective layer around the abdomen
External and internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
87
Most important respiratory muscle
Diaphram
88
Innervates diaphragm
Phrenic nerves C3-C5
89
Form the pelvic diaphragm
Levator ani
Ischiococcygeus
Fascia
90
Separates pelvic cavity above from the perineum below
Pelvic diaphragm
91
Diamond-shaped area inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Perineum
92
Diamond-shaped area inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Perineum
93
Deep muscles of perineum assist in what sa both sexes
Male: urination and ejaculation
Female: Urination and compression of vagina
94
What increases the range of motion of the humerus
Scapular movements
95
Components of rotator cuff muscles
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
96
Innervation of rotator cuff muscles
Suprascapular nerve
97
Muscle that cross shoulder joint but don't originate on the scapula. Bcoz of it, these are considered _______ muscles
Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
Considered axial muscles
98
Arm flexor
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
99
Arm extensor
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
100
Arm pronators
Pronator teres and quadratus
101
Strong fascial bands that hold the tendons of extrinsic muscles to the bones
Retinacula
102
Produce weak but precise movements
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
103
Extrinsic muscles of the hand are...
Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, thumb, and fingers
104
Intrinsic muscle of the hand are...
Muscles of the palm that move digits
105
3 groups of intrinsic hand muscles
Thenar
Hypothenar
Intermediate
106
Form the thenar eminence
Thenar muscles
Adductor pollicis
107
Form the hypothenar eminence
Hypothenar muscles that act on the little finger
108
Thumb is positioned at __________ to the other digits, which causes movement of thumb to be ____________
right angle
defined in different planes compared to other digits
109
What does splenius do
extend the head
laterally flex and rotate the head
110
Erector spinae muscles consist of _____________ and are responsible for _________-
Iliocostalis, longissimus, Spinalis
responsible for extension of backbone
111
Fibers that run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of vertebrae
Transversospinales
112
Major muscle groups that move the thigh
Gluteals, adductor muscles
113
Origin and insertion of most muscles that moves the femur
Origin: pelvic girdle
Insertion: femur
114
Muscle of the thigh division
Medial (adductor) compartment
Anterior (extensor) c.
Posterior (flexor) c.
115
_____________of external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis forms the ___________ which encloses ____________
Aponeuroses
Rectus sheath
Rectus abdominis muscles
116
Breaks down acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
