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OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the muscles at the shoulder

A

Deltoid , trapezius , latissimus dorsi , teres major and pectoralis major

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2
Q

Name the muscles at the elbow

A

Tricep brachii and bicep brachii

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3
Q

Name the muscles at the radio-ulnar

A

Pronator teres and supinator muscle

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4
Q

Name the muscles at the wrist

A

Wrist flexors and extensors

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5
Q

Name the muscles at the vertebral column

A

Erector spinae group , internal and external obliques and rectus abdominus

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6
Q

Name the muscles at the hip

A

Iliopsoas , gluteus maximus , gluteus minimus , gluteus medius , adductor longus , adductor brevis and adductor magnus

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7
Q

Name the muscles at the knee

A

Rectus femoris , bicep femoris , vastus medialis , vastus lateralis , vastus intermedius , semimembranosus and semitendinosus

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8
Q

Name the muscles at the ankle

A

Gastrocnemius , soleus and tibialis anterior

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9
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Muscle that contracts and is known as the prime mover

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10
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Muscle that relaxes and stops/slows the movement

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11
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Muscle that prevents any unwanted movement by stabilising the origin so the agonist can achieve effective contraction

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12
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Muscle that enable the agonist to operate more efficiently and control the movement by altering the direction of the pull on the agonist to the most advantageous position

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13
Q

What is the origin?

A

Muscle contracts and the end remains stationery

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14
Q

What is the insertion?

A

Muscle contracts and moves

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15
Q

What is meant by isometric?

A

Muscle contracts and doesn’t change length e.g. rectus abdominus during plank position

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16
Q

What is meant by concentric?

A

Muscle contracts and shortens e.g. bicep brachii during upwards phase of bicep curl

17
Q

What is meant by eccentric?

A

Muscle contracts and lengthens e.g. bicep brachii during downwards phase of bicep curl

18
Q

Name the types of muscle fibres

A

Slow oxidative (type 1)
Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)
Fast glycolytic (type 2b)

19
Q

Name the types of muscles

A
  • Cardiac muscle e.g. the walls of the myocardium and are involuntary and don’t fatigue
  • Smooth muscle e.g. veins and arteries and are involuntary
  • Skeletal muscle e..g triceps and biceps and fatigue and are voluntary
20
Q

What are voluntary muscles controlled by?

A
  • Impulses that are sent to the brain
  • Skeletal muscles contract which pull on bones to create movement
21
Q

What are involuntary muscles controlled by?

A

Cardiac muscle
- autonomous system
Smooth muscle
- nervous system

22
Q

Details about slow oxidative fibres

A
  • Small in size
  • Contract slowly
  • Low force of contraction
  • High capillary density
  • Many mitochondria
  • High aerobic capacity
  • Low in phosphocreatine
  • High resistance to fatigue
    These fibres aren’t good for explosive events but they’re suitable for endurance events such as marathons or triathalons
23
Q

Details about fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A
  • Large in size
  • Contract fast
  • High force of contraction
  • High capillary density
  • Some mitochondria
  • Moderate aerobic capacity
  • High in phosphocreatine
  • Moderate resistance to fatigue
    These fibres are suitable for HIT game event such as basketball , a tennis rally or 400m sprint
24
Q

Details about fast glycolytic fibres

A
  • Large in size
  • Contract fast
  • High force of contraction
  • Low capillary density
  • Low in mitochondria
  • Low aerobic capacity
  • High in phosphocreatine
  • Low resistance to fatigue
    These fibres are suitable for explosive events which require a short burst of energy e.g. jumping , throwing and sprinting (not good for endurance events)
25
Q

The amount of muscle fibres is determined by?

A

Genetics , normally people have a mix of all 3 but elite athlete have a high percentage of 1 particular fibre

26
Q

What muscle fibres would a games player need?

A

Football:
- Slow oxidative to last the full 90 mins
- Fast oxidative glycolytic for prolonged and repeated sprint e.g. periods of attacking and defending
- Fast glycolytic to make a big tackle

27
Q

Many capillaries means?

A

Good supply of oxygenated blood

28
Q

Many mitochondria means?

A

Many places for aerobic energy to be produced

29
Q

Many oxidative enzymes means?

A

Improved ability to work aerobically

30
Q

High myoglobin means?

A

Muscles can receive more oxygen from the blood

31
Q

High triglyceride means?

A

A greater store of aerobic energy

32
Q

Low phosphocreatine means?

A

Limited ability to work anaerobically

33
Q

Short term effects (positive and negative)

A
  • More oxygen is sent to the working muscles
  • Increase in muscle temp
  • Increase muscle pliability
  • Depleted energy stores
  • Depleted ATP stores
  • Muscle pain
  • Fatigue
  • Lactic acid build up
34
Q

Long term effects (positive)

A
  • Hyperthrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Increased tendon strength
  • Increased capillarisation
  • Increase in myoglobin
  • Increase in glycogen
  • Increase in size of mitochondria
  • Increase in metabolism of triglycerides
35
Q

Long term effects (negative)

A
  • Minimise by not over training , applying progressive overload and using the correct technique
  • Overuse injuries e.g. MCL sprain
36
Q

Effects of a cool down

A
  • Keeps capillaries dilated
  • Quicker removal of lactic acid
  • Reduces DOMS
  • Increases elasticity
  • More oxygen is sent to the working muscles
  • Prevents blood pooling in muscles
37
Q

Effects of a warm up

A
  • Increases speed of nerve impulses
  • Reduced DOMS
  • Increased enzyme activity
  • Increased speed of contractions
  • More flexible muscles
  • Increase in muscle temp
  • More oxygen to muscles
  • Increased elasticity of muscles reduces risk of strains

OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity (5 decks)

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