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OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bones at the knee

A

Patella , femur , tibia and fibula

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2
Q

Name the bones at the elbow

A

Ulna , radius and humerus

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3
Q

Name the bones at the ankle

A

Tarsals , tibia and fibula

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4
Q

Name the bones at the shoulder

A

Clavicle , scapula and humerus

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5
Q

Name the bones at the hip

A

Pelvis and femur

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6
Q

Name the bones at the wrist

A

Carpals , radius and ulna

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7
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Main core of the body:
- Vertebral column
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Cranium

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8
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Apendage of the axial skeleton
- Upper limbs
- Lower limbs
- Shoulder girdle (clavicle , scapula and humerus)
- Pelvic girdle (ilium , ischium and pubis)

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9
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • Shape
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
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10
Q

Shape?

A

Determined by the skeletal framework

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11
Q

Support?

A

Bones support the weight of the body

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12
Q

Protection

A

Bones protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart

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13
Q

Movement?

A

Skeleton is jointed to allow movement e.g. femur moves the leg

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14
Q

Blood cell production?

A

Red and white blood cells are produced in the marrow of long bones e.g. femur

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15
Q

Mineral storage?

A

Bones store minerals such as phosphorus and calcium which are involved in nerve transmission and metabolism

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16
Q

Name the types of bones

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Sesamoid
  • Irregular
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17
Q

What are long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide and act as levers to create movement as well as produce blood cells e.g. femur , humerus and tibia

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18
Q

What are short bones?

A

As long as they are wide and are used for weight bearing as well as acting as shock absorbers e.g. tarsals and carpals

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19
Q

What are flat bones?

A

They are wide and flat , they allow muscles attachment and protect vital organs e.g. cranium protects the brain

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20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Bones that have a complex and unusual shape. They function to protect and support as well as allow muscle attachment and movement e.g. lumbar , thoracic and cervical

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21
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Held within a tendon and help reduce friction between a joint e.g. patella

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22
Q

Classification of joints

A

Fixed/fused = no movement possible e.g. cranium and pelvis
Synovial/freely moveable = e.g. hinge and ball and socket joints (their shape determines the range of movement)
Cartilaginous/slightly moveable = e.g. adjacent vertebrae

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23
Q

What is a joint?

A

It’s where 2 or more bones meet

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24
Q

Name the types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge
  • Ball and socket
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Gliding
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25
Q

Details about hinge joints

A

Allow flexion , extension and plantar/dorsi flexion
e.g. elbow , knee and ankle

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26
Q

Details about ball and socket joint

A

Allow flexion , extension , abduction/adduction , circumduction and rotation
e.g. hip and shoulder

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27
Q

Details about pivot joint

A

Found at the neck and radio-ulnar and allows rotation

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28
Q

Details about condyloid joint

A

Allow flexion , extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction
e.g. wrist

29
Q

Details about saddle joint

A

flexion , extension , abduction/adduction and circumduction
e.g. thumb

30
Q

Details about gliding joint

A

Limited movement in all directions
e.g. processes of the vertebrae , hands: between the carpals and feet: between the tarsals

31
Q

Articular/Hyaline cartilage

A

Covers the ends of bones , reducing friction and acting as a shock absorber

32
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone preventing dislocation and stabilising the joint

33
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid filled sac that reduces friction

34
Q

Pads of fat

A

Act as friction reducers

35
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Reduces friction by lubrication

36
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Contains synovial fluid which reduced friction by lubrication

37
Q

Joint capsule

A

Encloses the joint and stabilises it

38
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage that cushions the joint preventing friction

39
Q

What is the function of synovial joints?

A

Stability and Mobility

40
Q

Name the types of joint movements

A
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Plantar/Dorsi flexion
  • Adduction/Abduction
  • Horizontal adduction/abduction
  • Supination/Pronation
  • Lateral flexion
  • Circumduction
  • Medial/Lateral rotation
41
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint e.g. upwards phase of a bicep

42
Q

What is extension?

A

Increasing the angle at a joint e.g. throwing a ball

43
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Bending the spine to the side e.g. bowling in cricket

44
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body e.g. upwards phase of a star jump at the shoulder

45
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
e.g. swimming breastsroke

46
Q

What is horizontal abduction?

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane e.g. backhand in tennis

47
Q

What is horizontal adduction?

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body in the transverse plane e.g. dumbbell chest fly

48
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Rotating a limb inwards about its longitudinal axis e.g. swimming

49
Q

What is lateral rotation

A

Rotating a limb outwards about its longitudinal axis e.g. movement at the hip to perform a side footed pass in football

50
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Movement of a limb in a circular motion e.g. over arm tennis serve

51
Q

What is pronation?

A

Rotating the radio ulnar joint so the palm faces down e.g. to produce a ball spin in tennis

52
Q

What is supination?

A

Rotating the radio ulnar joint so the palm faces up e.g. a goalkeeper throwing a football under arm

53
Q

What is dorsi flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle at the joint so the foot moves towards the shin e.g. running

54
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Increasing the angle at the joint so the toes point downwards e.g. ballet

55
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A
  • Protects the spinal cord
  • Allows movement
  • Muscle attachment of ribs protects vitals organs
  • Gives good posture
  • S-shape of spine given greater strength
56
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • 7 bones
  • Pivot joint at neck
  • E.g. heading a ball in football
  • Top 2 vertebraes are atlas and axis
57
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • 12 bones
  • Each vertebrae is attached to ribs
  • Limited movement
  • Bigger than the cervical
58
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • 5 bones
  • Largest vertebrae
  • More movement than thoracic
  • Supports the weight of the upper body
59
Q

Sacrum vertebrae

A
  • 5 bones
  • Attaches the upper body to the lower body
  • Attached to pelvis
  • Fixed/Fused joint
  • No movement possible
60
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 4 bones
  • Remains of the tail bone
  • Fixed/Fused joint
  • No movement possible
61
Q

Vertebral column movements

A
  • Flexion e.g. curling the spine to do a somersault in gymnastics
  • Extension e.g. straightening the spine to jump to head the ball in football
  • Lateral flexion e.g. cartwheel in gymnastics
62
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Curving of the spine

63
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive lumbar curve

64
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excess thoracic curve

65
Q

Warm up effects

A
  • Warmer ligaments
  • Increased synovial fluid
  • Decreased synovial fluid viscosity
  • Increased speed of nerve transmission
66
Q

Cool down effects

A
  • Reduced doms
  • Quicker removal of lactic acid
  • Gradually reduced heart rate , breathing rate and body temp
67
Q

Short term effects

A
  • Increased synovial fluid
  • Increased pliability of ligaments
68
Q

Long term effects (positive)

A
  • More durable/stronger bones as increased bone density so more calcium which decreases the risk of fractures
  • Stronger joints as increased strength of ligaments which will prevent dislocation
  • Prevents osetoporosis which is weakening bone density
  • Decreased risk of arthritis as exercise thickens cartilage which increases synovial fluid and reduces friction so the joint can act as a better shock absorber
  • Improved posture as increased strength of core muscles reduces the risk of postural problems such as scoliosis
  • Helps manage weight as it prevents a sedentary lifestyle
69
Q

Long term effect (negative)

A
  • Negative can be minimised by using correct technique , not overtraining and applying progressive overload
  • Overuse injuries e.g. stress fractures
  • Poor technique can lead to posture problems such as scoliosis
  • Impact injuries e.g. tearing ACL or dislocating patella which can lead to repeat injuries
  • Increased risk of arthritis as poor technique can cause wear and tear of cartilage which Increases friction and decreases synovial fluid and bone spurs form

OCR level 3 technical in sport and physical activity (5 decks)

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