Muscularskeletal system Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Mobility
A
Ability for free movement.
2
Q
Immobility
A
Not able to move or motionless
3
Q
Joint
A
An area in which two bones come together that are linked through fibrous structures, synovial tissues, or cartilage.
4
Q
what consists of the musculoskeletal system?
A
bones, connective tissue, muscles, and joints
5
Q
Name 6 functions of the musculoskeletal system
A
maintain shape
support mobility
protect organs
maintain hemostasis of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium,
formation of RBC
reservation of energy
6
Q
how many bones in the body?
A
206
7
Q
axial section is made up of?
A
bones along the axis of the body, from the skull down the vertebral column, including the ribcage
8
Q
appendicular section is composed of
A
the bones of the appendages, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles.
9
Q
Bones are classified according to their ___
A
Shape
10
Q
What kind of bones are humerus, radius, tibia, femur?
A
Long bones
11
Q
The function of long bones are?
A
Levers in mobility
12
Q
The long bones are composed of the ______ and ______
A
diaphysis and epiphysis.
13
Q
Diaphysis
A
Long, cylinder shaped shaft of a bone.
14
Q
Epiphysis
A
Irregularly shaped ends of the bone.
15
Q
Bone marrow in infants is primarily?
A
Red
16
Q
The ____ covers the bone structure
A
periosteum
17
Q
What is the primary purpose of the periosteum?
A
to maintain and repair the bone structure, provide nourishment to the bone
18
Q
what kind of bones are carpal and tarsal bones?
A
Short bone
19
Q
Short bones contain mostly____ bone
A
cancellous
20
Q
Bones in the hands and the tarsal bones in the feet have a thin layer of _______ bone
A
cortical
21
Q
what kind of bones are skull, ribs, scapula?
A
Flat bones
22
Q
Thin bones are primarily composed of _______bone
A
cancellous
23
Q
What is the outer layer of flat bones?
A
Cortical bone
24
Q
______ bones, such as the vertebrae and the pelvis, are bones that do not fit into the other categories of bones
A
Irregular
25
Articular
Pertaining to a joint.
26
Tendons
Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
27
Bone tissue is classified as either ______ bone or ______bone.
cortical and cancellous
28
Cortical bone is
compact tissue that is dense and hard
29
The outside layer of cancellous bone
Cortical bone
30
Cancellous bone
which is soft and spongy tissue located on the inside of the bone.
31
Marrow is?
soft, connective tissue that produces red blood cells.
32
Where is red bone marrow located in adults?
skull, ribs, sternum, upper parts of the humerus, the pelvis, and upper parts of the femur.
33
Long bones have what kind of marrow
yellow
34
Does yellow marrow contribute to hematopoiesis?
No
35
Yellow marrow is composed primarily of ______ tissues and _______.
adipose andstores triglycerides
36
Bones maintain both their strength and flexibility through _________.
collagen fibers
37
Osteoclasts
Single-nucleus cells that promote bone formation and remodeling through synthesis and mineralization.
38
Matrix
Organic and inorganic compound consisting of collagen and phosphorous and mineral crystals. The matrix allows the bone to be hard but not brittle.
39
Osteocytes
Highly specific bone cells that are responsible for the maintenance of the bony matrix, maintain biomineral content.
40
Osteoclasts
Multi-nucleated cells thatbreakdown of bone, dissolution of minerals, and release of minerals into the blood stream.
41
Articular
Pertaining to a joint
42
Tendon
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
43
Bone tissue is classified as either_____ bone or _____bone.
cortical or cancellous
44
_____ bone is compact tissue that is dense and hard.
Cortical
45
______ bone, which is soft and spongy tissue located on the inside of the bone.
cancellous
46
Bones maintain both their strength and flexibility through ______ fibers.
collagen
47
What is the function of osteoblast
Form collagen compound named matrix and release calcium and phosphate into matrix.
48
The _____ also participate in the mineralization of the matrix by producing hormones such as parathyroid hormone and estrogen.
osteoblasts
49
_______ are derived from osteoblasts and are linked through gap junctions
Osteocytes
50
Function of osteocytes
help with bone tissue formation, regulation, and breakdown.
51
_____ are single-nucleus bone cells.
Osteoblasts
52
_______ are multiple-nuclei cells. The osteoclasts’ functions include resorption of bone tissue, breakdown of bone, dissolution of minerals, and release of minerals into the blood stream.
Osteoclasts
53
How often are bones remodeled
Every 10 years
54
Which required for many activities, including muscle contraction and blood clotting
Calcium
55
The _________ responds to low serum calcium levels by causing the release of calcium from the bone, which raises serum calcium levels.
parathyroid hormone
56
________ a thyroid hormone, responds to high serum calcium levels by causing the deposit of excess calcium into the bones.
Calcitonin
57
__________ is the primary hormone that stimulates bone growth in children.
Human growth hormone (HGH)
58
What part of the bone does HGH stimulate to grow?
Epiphyseal plates which are located in long bones
59
The cell division that causes the growth in the epiphyseal plates stops during ______ as levels of sex hormones increase.
puberty
60
Additional minerals important to bone health include? .
phosphorous, fluoride, manganese, and iron
61
Tight joints, also known as sutures,Immovable,
Fibrous
62
Joined together with cartilage,Partly movable
Cartilaginous
63
Space filled with synovial fluid
Articulating sutures covered in cartilage
Movable
Synovial
64
_____are the most common joints in the body
Synovial joints
65
Fluid-filled sac to cushion bone during movement.
bursa
66
Band of connective tissue that connects bones.
ligaments
67
____ joints allow for side-to-side and back-and-forth motion, such as the bones in the hands.
Planar
68
____ joints allow for rotational movement, such as the radioulnar joint.
Pivot
69
____joints allow for flexion and extension, such as in the elbow or ankle.
Hinge
70
joints permit flexion and extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, such as in the wrist.
Condyloid
71
joints permit flexion and extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, such as in the thumb.
Saddle
72
Excitability
Ability for the muscle to contract through the use of action potential.
73
Elasticity
Ability for muscle to return to original shape.
74
Extensibility
Ability for muscle to stretch.
75
Contractility
Ability for muscle to tighten.
76
Fascicles
Groups of muscle fibers bundled with perimysium.
77
78
The fascicles are layered in connective tissue known as the, ______ and are grouped to form muscles.
perimysium
79
myosin
The thick filaments contain
80
thin filaments contain
actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
81
_____ are bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone.
Tendons
82
____ are cords that support the joints and connect bones to each other
Ligaments
83
Muscle contraction and relaxation relies on
adenosine triphosphate (ATP
84
What is the role of the nurse when at the scene of where the injury occurred?
To prevent further injurie and to ensure the patient is stable.
85
What do you look for when assessing an affected extremity?
Pulse, color, temp, movement
86
What are non-pharmacological pain management for injuries ?
Positioning, splints, pillows followed by PRICE
87
What is the max time ice should be placed on a injurie?
20min
88
An open fracture creates a break in ____ surface
the skin
89
while a closed fracture
leaves the skin intact.
90
_______ fractures are fractures caused by minimal force due to underlying disease.
Pathological
91
Osteomyelitis
Infection or inflammation of bone tissue.
92
Osteomalacia
A softening of the bones that leads to brittleness.
93
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Genetic disorder that leads to brittle bones, resulting in easily fractured bones.
94
Transverse
Across the long axis of the bone
95
Oblique
At an angle on the bone
96
Spiral
Result of rotational injury
97
Comminuted
Has more than two breaks
98
Avulsed
Bone fragment pulling off bone with tendon
99
Impacted
Part of bone pushed up into the rest of the bone, resulting in a shortening of the bone
100
Torus
Cortex of the bone buckles; only seen in children
101
Greenstick
Only one side of the bone fractured; only seen in children
102
There are many complications after a fracture including
infection, bleeding, neurovascular compromise, compartment syndrome, and embolism.
103
The client is at greater risk of infection if the fracture is managed with _____________.
surgery, skeletal traction, or open fracture
104
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
After an injury to a limb the Clint develops complex regional pain due to prolonged inflammation
105
Manifestations complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
pain that is spontaneous and extreme, pallor in the affected limb with the limb cool to touch, and the limb may have swelling below the site of injury
106
Which clients may not recover quickly from CRPS
Clients with diabetes, chemotherapy or smokers
107
Increased pressure in the fascia that reduces blood flow to muscles and compresses nerves
Compartment syndrome
108
Fasciotomy
Surgical opening of the fascia of a muscle
109
Clients with pelvic or hip fracture are at greatest risk for forming a
pulmonary embolism
110
pulmonary embolism
a clot that travels from the site of the injury through the venous system and lodges in the pulmonary vasculature.
111
