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Musculoskeletal Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What type of fracture have the bones pierced the skin?

A

Open

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2
Q

What type of fracture are the bones still within the skin?

A

Closed

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3
Q

What is it called when there is only one fracture?

A

Simple

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4
Q

What is it called when there is multiple fractures or it is splintered?

A

Comminuted

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5
Q

What is it called when the end of the bones are firmly in place?

A

Stable

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6
Q

What type of fracture is it when the ends of the bones are able to move freely?

A

Unstable

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7
Q

What are clinical sign of a fracture?

A

Pain, lameness, swelling/bruising, deformity of the bone, crepitus

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8
Q

How do you diagnose a fracture?

A

Radiographs, 2 views necessary

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9
Q

What is the treatment for a fracture?

A

Reduction and fixation

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10
Q

When are pins/plates/screws necessary?

A

Fractures of humerus or femur, open fractures, unstable fractures, salter fractures

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11
Q

When can pins be removed?

A

After radiographic evidence of healing is achieved

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12
Q

What is the most common injury of the stifle?

A

Cranial cruciate ligament

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13
Q

Patient presents NWB on right forelimb with X-rays showing a cloudy growth to the limb. What is the likely diagnosis? What other view is important to obtain?

A

Osteosarcoma, thoracic rads

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14
Q

On examination you notice a prominent ventro-flexion of the cervical region. What electrolyte abnormality most often presents like this?

A

Hypokalemia

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15
Q

6 month old intact female Great Dane presents for toe touching lameness of the left forelimb. On palpation, she is extremely painful over the humerus, right around mid-level. You also notice an increased body temp of 103.7. Also noted last month she was lame on her right forelimb. What is the presumptive diagnosis? What is the treatment?

A

Panosteisis, supportive care until they grow out of it

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16
Q

What disease process has shifting leg lameness as a clinical sign?

A

Lyme

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17
Q

What age must a patient be to have official grading through OFA system?

A

2 years

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18
Q

What is the name of the disease that causes aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and neck

A

Left-perthes disease

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19
Q

What does OFA stand for?

A

Orthopedic foundation for animas

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20
Q

What are 3 disease shepherds are predisposed to?

A

EPI, pannus, hip dysplasia

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21
Q

On examination you are able to push the patella medially but once you let it go it snaps back into place. What is the complete diagnosis?

A

Stage 1 medial luxating patella

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22
Q

Name two tests you can preform for a suspected CCL rupture that are not radiographs:

A

Cranial Drawer test, tibial thrust

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23
Q

True or false: degenerative change in the joint will occur with or with out surgery to correct CCL

A

True

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24
Q

What causes a CCL

A

Ligament ruptures when foot is planted and upper leg rotates until the ligament pops

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25
True or false: genetic predisposition in some breeds with degenerative disease is present for CCL Injuries
True
26
What are clinical signs of CCL
Acute lameness, NWB, +\- pain, +\- drawer sign, +\- tibial thrust
27
How do you diagnose CCL
Drawer sign under anesthesia, radiographs
28
What is the treatment for CCL?
TPLO most common, surgery
29
What does TPLO stand for?
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
30
Are medial luxations common in large or small breed dogs?
Small
31
Are lateral luxations common in larger or small breed dogs?
Large
32
What kind of luxation can happen in any breed?
Traumatic
33
What is a grade 1 luxation?
Pops out, easily pops back in when released
34
What is a grade 2 luxation
Pops out easily, stays out when released
35
What is a grade 3 luxation?
Located most of the time but can be reduced
36
What is a grade 4 luxation?
Luxated all of the time
37
What is the treatment for luxations?
MLP surgery
38
Who is prone to hip dysplasia?
German shepherds
39
What is hip dysplasia?
Disparity between muscle mass and bone when growing, failure of soft tissues of hip to maintain hip congruity
40
True or false: environment and diet have no effect on hip dysplasia?
False
41
What does acetabular mean?
Socket
42
What is acetabular hip dysplasia?
Excessive slope to the dorsal rim of acetabulum: femoral head fails to press correctly into the developing cup
43
What is femoral hip dysplasia?
Femoral neck is shortened decreasing coverage by the acetabular rim and disrupting the congruity of the joint surface
44
How do you diagnose hip dysplasia?
Radiographs under anesthesia, OFA grading system or PennHIP testing
45
How old must a dog be to get PennHIP testing?
Any age
46
What is the treatment for hip dysplasia?
Moderate exercise, weight control, NSAID, nutraceuticals, surgery(FHO, Total hip replacement, triple osteotomy
47
What does FHO stand for?
Femoral head ostectomy
48
What is legg-perthes disease?
Aseptic necrosis of femoral head and neck, small breed dogs
49
What are clinical signs of Legg-parthes disease?
Pain, non weight bearing, atrophy of hip muscles
50
How do you diagnose legg-Perthes disease?
Radiographs
51
What is the treatment for legg-Perthes Disease?
Surgery
52
What is osteochondrosis dissecans?
Degeneration of the bone and cartilage followed by reossification, dissecting cartilaginous flap may develop, failure of cartilage to turn into bone, thickened cartilage is prone to injury, result is a non-healing flap cartilage
53
Who is prone to osteochondrosis dissecans?
Large breed dogs
54
What is a symptom of osteochondrosis dissecans?
Lameness
55
How do you diagnose osteochondrosis dissecans?
Radiographs
56
True or false: surgery for removal of the flap may be necessary for osteochondrosis dissecans?
True
57
What are clinical signs of panosteitis?
Intermittent lameness in large breed dogs, shifting leg lameness, weight loss, fever, anorexia
58
True or false: patients will outgrow panosteitis by two years old
True
59
True or false: long ones was commonly involved with panosteitis may be free febrile
True
60
What is another name for panosteitis?
Eosinophilic panosteitis, eopan
61
How do you diagnose panosteitis?
Pain elicted with pressure to center of long bones, radiographs
62
What is the treatment for panosteitis?
Rest, NSAID, keep comfortable until they grow out of it
63
What is the most common type of luxation of the hip?
Craniodorsal, tearing of the joint capsule in the brown ligament
64
True or false: luxation of the hip are typically caused by trauma
True
65
What are clinical signs of luxation of the hip?
Acute lameness, maybe swelling over the hip, extend hips – legs are not the same length
66
How do you diagnose luxation of the hip?
Radiographs
67
What is the treatment for luxation of the hip?
Reduction, either closed or open
68
What are myopathies?
Diseases that affect muscle: inflammatory, immune mediated, acquired
69
What are inflammatory myopathies
Bacterial infections, uncommon; usually occur after bite wounds– Protozoal myositis due to toxoplasmosis in cats
70
What are immune mediated myopathies?
Polymyositis; weakness that gets worse with exercise, hyperesthesia on palpation, fever, depression, some dogs have megaesophagus
71
How do you diagnose a immune mediated myopathies?
Muscle biopsy
72
How do you treat immune mediated myopathies?
Prednisone
73
What muscles does masticatory myositis affect?
Muscles of mastication in the dog
74
What are symptoms of masticatory myositis
Masticatory muscles become swollen and painful, eventually atrophy, and the dog is unable to open the mouth, even under anesthesia
75
How do you diagnose masticatory myositis?
2M test
76
How do you treat masticatory myositis?
Prednisone
77
What is an example of an acquired myopathy in cats?
Cervical ventral flexion, periodic weakness, muscle pain; in cats that are hypokalemic
78
What is the treatment for feline acquired myopathy
Supplementation with potassium, change in diet
79
What is the primary bone neoplasm?
Osteosarcoma
80
What are the most common bones affected by osteosarcoma?
Distal radius, proximal, humerus, distal, femur, proximal tibia
81
What is the treatment for osteosarcoma?
Amputation of leg, followed by chemo many have already spread
82
Are osteosarcoma tumors painful
Yes
83
What is the saying for tumors of the bone?
Away from the elbow, towards the knees
84
What other view should you get when obtaining x-rays for osteosarcoma?
Chest x-rays
85
What is the difference between femoral hip dysplasia and acetabular hip dysplasia?
Femoral hip– the ball is out of the joint and fails to press back on the rim As a tubular – the socket is misshaped in the femoral head fails to align
86
Masticator myositis affects
Muscles of mastication
87
What is the treatment for choice for a larger dog that has a positive tibial thrust test?
TPLO
88
Which direction is most common for patella luxation of large breed animals?
Lateral
89
At what age can you submit for a pen hip testing?
Any age
90
True or false: leg Perthes is defined as septic necrosis of the femoral head and neck
False
91
What disease of dogs under two years of age can cause lameness, fever, lethargy, and affects the long bones
Panosteitis
92
Which of the following is not a clinical sign associated with hypokalemia and felines? A. Cervical ventral flexion B. Periodic weakness. C. Muscle pain. D. Cervical ventral extension.
D
93
Away from the elbow and towards the knees, describes the location of what
OSA
94
What does OSA stand for?
Osteosarcoma
95
Which anabiotic is best suited for oral infections
Clindamycin

Small Animal (11 decks)

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