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Urinary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common cause of cystitis in a dog?

A

Bacterial cystitis

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2
Q

What is bacterial cystitis?

A

The result of a ascending migration of bacteria up the urethra, microorganisms adhere, and colonize the mucosal lining of the bladder

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3
Q

What are clinical signs of bacterial cystitis?

A

Increase frequency of urination, hematuria, dysuria, frequent, licking of vulva or tip of penis, sometimes polydipsia

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4
Q

What is the diagnosis for bacterial cystitis?

A

Urinanalysis, urine culture

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5
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial cystitis?

A

Antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity
Acute cases should be treated for 10– 14 days
Chronic cases should be treated for 10–21 days

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6
Q

When should you consider other causes for bacterial cystitis?

A

10 to 14 days if symptoms have not resolved

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7
Q

When should you recheck a urine from bacterial cystitis?

A

One week after five day course of antibiotics

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8
Q

What is canine urolithiasis

A

Crystals and small stones will pass through the urethra in the urine

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9
Q

What is the most common type of stone with canine urolithiasis?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate/struvite

Calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate

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10
Q

What are clinical signs of canine urolithiasis?

A

Dysuria, hematuria, frequent urination, possible PU/PD, stones may cause partial or complete obstruction in both males and females

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11
Q

How do you diagnose uroliths

A

Radiographs

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12
Q

How do you treat struvites

A

Anabiotic’s, dietary management by certification of the urine and restriction of magnesium, urea, and phosphorus or surgery

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13
Q

What is a urolith?

A

Stone

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14
Q

Which type of stone can be seen on a radiograph

A

Struvite, calcium oxalate, may or may not be seen

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15
Q

What acidity of urine can struvite be found in?

A

> 7

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16
Q

What acidity of urine can you find calcium oxalate

A

<6.5

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17
Q

What can cause calcium oxalate

A

High protein, diet

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18
Q

What is the treatment for calcium oxalate?

A

Surgery

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19
Q

How do you prevent calcium oxalate?

A

Is difficult, most likely will reoccur – try to limit calcium in diet, increase water in diet

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20
Q

Who is predisposed to urates

A

Dalmatians

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21
Q

Why are Dalmatians predisposed to urates

A

They secrete excess uric acid from the kidneys

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22
Q

What is the treatment for urates?

A

Surgery, allopurinol to decrease uric acid production, alkalinization of urine with potassium citrate, control of UTIs

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23
Q

What can result in kidney failure?

A

Reduction in blood flow to the nephron or damaged nephron

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24
Q

What percent of nephron must be damaged for renal failure to occur?

A

75%

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25
What is azotemia?
Buildup of toxins in the blood, increased BUN and creatine
26
True or false: renal failure may be acute or chronic
True
27
What is prerenal azotemia?
Before the kidneys
28
What is renal azotemia?
Anything damaging the kidneys
29
What is post renal azotemia?
After the kidneys; EX. Urethral obstruction.
30
What is acute renal failure?
Abrupt change in glomerular filtration
31
What is acute renal failure usually the result of
Hypoperfusion or nephro, toxic drugs; antifreeze, ethylene glycol
32
What are risk factors for acute renal failure?
Hypotension, hypovolemia, electrolyte, disturbances, systematic diseases, nephrotoxic, drugs, age, dental disease, ureteral, or urethral obstruction
33
What are clinical signs for acute renal failure?
Enlarged, painful, kidneys, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, dehydration
34
What is treatment for acute renal failure?
IV fluid therapy(saline) , restricted protein, diet
35
What is acute renal failure treatment aimed towards
Restoring renal hemodynamics
36
What is the prognosis for acute renal failure?
Guarded
37
True or false: chronic renal failure is common in older pets, especially cats
True
38
Is chronic renal failure irreversible
Yes
39
True or false, chronic renal failure patients have a progressive decline, and renal function may be congenital, familial, acquired
True
40
What are clinical signs of chronic renal failure?
Weight loss, PU/PD, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, bed, breath, lethargy, arterial hypertension, retinal lesions, nervous system disorders, anemia, hypokalemia
41
What is the prognosis for chronic renal failure patients
Poor
42
What is the treatment for chronic renal failure?
Fluids, decreased dietary protein levels, correct hypokalemia, provide relief for nausea and vomiting, possibly phosphorus finding agents
43
What are notes to send home with the patient for chronic renal failure?
SQ fluids should be maintained at home, canned food to increase dietary fluids
44
What nerves innovates the urethral sphincter
Pudendal nerve
45
What is urinary incontinence?
Loss of voluntary control of micturition
46
What types of urinary incontinence are there?
Neurogenic, nonneurogenic, paradoxical, miscellaneous causes
47
What is neurogenic urinary incontinence?
Disruption of normal neural function to the region
48
What happens to the bladder during neurogenic urinary incontinence?
Bladder over distends , bladder pressure exceeds the urethral pressure
49
What is nonneurogenic urinary incontinence?
Ectopic ureters, patent urachus, endocrine balances
50
What is paradoxical urinary incontinence?
Partial obstruction in urethra
51
What is miscellaneous urinary incontinence?
Primary disease diseases of the bladder
52
What are clinical signs of urinary incontinence?
Urine leakage, especially when pet has been sleeping
53
How do you diagnose urinary incontinence?
Urinanalysis, radiographs, IVP, rule out other disease
54
What is the treatment for urinary incontinence?
Diethyl stilbesterol in spayed, females, phenylpropanolamine/proin, incurin
55
What drug used for urinary incontinence works like an estrogen supplement
Incurin
56
What is a treatment specific to neurogenic cases?
Express bladder several times through throughout the day
57
What are clinical signs for feline lower urinary tract disease?
Hematuria, dysuria, frequent urination, inappropriate urination
58
What is the cause for feline lower urinary tract disease?
Idiopathic or interstitial cystitis – often self limiting, unknown cause
59
What is the treatment for feline lower urinary tract disease?
GABA, anabiotic‘s, amitriptyline, change, diet, enrich environment
60
What does it mean if a feline is plugged?
Inability to pass urine
61
Who is predisposed to urethral plugs?
Older obese cats
62
True or false: calculus may be found in any part of the urinary tract. Those in the kidney do not usually cause any problems. Those in ureters, bladder, or urethra may cause problems.
True
63
True or false: complete obstruction is an emergency
True
64
What are clinical signs of urethral plugs?
Straining, no urine produced, vomiting, lethargy, sudden death
65
What is the treatment for urethral plugs?
Relieve obstruction, treat renal failure, change diet
66
What is the prognosis for urethral plugs
Fair for a resolution of current problem, guarded for reoccurrence
67
True or false cats with urethra plug should change their diet for life
True
68
True or false: you should avoid using in dwelling urinary catheters and cats with urinary cystitis. If using a catheter to obtain urine sample, make sure it is done as aseptically as possible.
True
69
True or false if anesthetics are used, remember that doses less than those recommended are required in azotemic cats
True
70
True or false you should reestablish urethral patency
True
71
True or false: exercise caution with these techniques. You can easily rupture a distended bladder. Cytokinesis one properly performed reduces the pressure on the plug in the urethra, allowing it to be Hydro pulse into the bladder. Cytokinesis also provides the technician with a sample suitable for your analysis and culture and sensitivity
True
72
True or false: STMA is a bio marker specific to the kidney. Elevations of STMA occur earlier in renal disease, then evaluation of creatine and allow for earlier intervention with diet, treatment, and monitoring.
True
73
True or false: avoid use of phenylpropanolamime in animals with glaucoma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and prosthetic hypertrophy
True
74
True or false: side effects from anticholinergic medication’s include sedation, alias, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, dry eyes, and tachyacardia. Their use is contraindicated with impatience with glaucoma.
True
75
Urine roof from the bladder by cystocentesis should contain ________ microorganisms
No
76
long-term anabiotic therapy for cystitis should be based on
Culture and sensitivity results, finding bacteria on settlement, examination, resolution of clinical signs, absence of bacteria in post treatment, urine sediments
77
Variable plugs are made largely of
Small concentrations of minerals in large amounts of matrix
78
The two most common types of uroliths seen in dogs are
Calcium oxalate, magnesium, ammonium phosphate
79
Which type of the following your list is not radiopaque
Cystine
80
Which of the following drugs is nephrotoxic?
Amikacin
81
In cats that present with the gate disturbance of cervical ventriflextion which electrolyte needs to be checked
Potassium
82
Older surgical veterinary, patient should be provided IV fluids during surgery to prevent _________, which can cause acute renal failure
Dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte disturbances
83
Which of the following laboratory values can be increased because of diet
BUN
84
Urethral closure in the female dog is primary related to
The smooth muscle surrounding the entire urethra
85
A bloodstone is 15 cm in diameter. It is most likely a ____ stone.
Struvite
86
Diet high in animal protein may pre-dispose the dog to what type of bladder stone
Oxalate
87
The fluid of choice for acute renal failure
Normal saline

Small Animal (11 decks)

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