Neurology Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What medication is often useful in cases of idiopathic vestibular disease?
A
Meclizine
2
Q
What is the most common cause of seizure activity in an animal over the age of 7
A
Neoplasia
3
Q
What class of midazolam used to stop emergency case seizures?
A
benzodiazepines
4
Q
In relation to spinal cord injuries which of the following would be the worst prognostic indicator?
A
Loss of deep pain response
5
Q
What medication is used to reduce intra-cranial pressure
A
Mannitol
6
Q
German shepherd presenting for slowly progressing hindlimb paresis and ataxia. What disease process is your top differential?
A
Degenerative myelopathy
7
Q
What disease can cause a flaccid febrile ascending motor paralysis in dogs
A
Tick paralysis
8
Q
True or false: anesthesia should be used for obtaining radiographs of an animal suspected of an alantoaxial subluxation
A
False
9
Q
Paralysis of what nerve causes dragging of dorsal aspect of the right front paw on the ground when walking?
A
Radial nerve
10
Q
What breed of cat is nystagmus most common in
A
Siamese
11
Q
What is the leading cause of death in cases status epilepticus
A
Hypothermia
12
Q
What are the primary events of brain trauma?
A
Disruption of fiber tracts, cell damage
13
Q
What are the secondary events of brain trauma?
A
Increase cranial pressure, edema, hypoxia, seizures
14
Q
Our secondary events or primary events, more common in brain trauma
A
Secondary events
15
Q
What are clinical signs of brain trauma
A
History of trauma to the head; seizures; blood and ears, nose, oral cavity; ocular hemorrhage; loss of consciousness; cardiac arrhythmias
16
Q
How do you diagnose brain trauma?
A
History and PE
17
Q
What is the treatment for brain trauma?
A
Asthmatic agents to decrease cerebral edema, anti-seizure meds, if indicated, steroids
18
Q
Can some brain damage be reversible?
A
Yes
19
Q
What are clinical signs of idiopathic vestibular disease?
A
Ataxia, loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, vomiting
20
Q
How do you diagnose, idiopathic vestibular disease?
A
Clinical signs, bloodwork to rule out other problems, otic exam of inner ear for disease
21
Q
What is the treatment for idiopathic vestibular disease?
A
Supportive care only, meclizine
22
Q
What are the kinds of nystagmus
A
Horizontal, vertical, rotary
23
Q
Which type of nystagmus is rare?
A
Rotary
24
Q
What is the rule of thumb when it comes to nystagmus?
A
If the head tail is to the left, then the nystagmus will be to the right, vice versa
25
Are clinical signs in neoplasia progressive
Yes
26
What are the clinical signs for neurological neoplasia?
Reflect location of tumor seizures, head, pressing, circling, ataxia
27
How do you diagnose neurological neoplasia?
Rule out other diseases, CSF tap, ophthalmic exam, CT scan
28
What is the treatment for neurologic neoplasia?
Surgical removal, if possible, chemo, radiation, or symptomatic treatment of clinical signs
29
What is idiopathic epilepsy?
Repeated episodes of seizures with no demonstrable cause
30
What age does idiopathic epilepsy most commonly begin?
Two years of age
31
What are the stages of a seizure?
Pre-ictal, ictal, post–ictal
32
What is the pre-Ictal phase of a seizure
Behavioral switch
33
What is the ictal phase of a seizure?
Active seizure
34
What is the postictal phase of a seizure?
After the seizure, behavior changes, become aggressive, longest, and scariest, can last up to 48 hours
35
What are most seizures caused by a dog older than five?
Cancer
36
When do congenital seizures start?
1-2 years
37
When do you start seizure meds
Cluster seizures, grand mall seizures, 2 to 3 seizures within 30 days
38
How do you diagnose idiopathic epilepsy?
History, PE, bloodwork to rule out inciting causes
39
What is the treatment for idiopathic epilepsy?
Phenobarbital, potassium bromide, Keppra, zonisamide
40
Is idiopathic epilepsy treatment for life?
Yes
41
What med do you use to stop a seizure?
Midazolam
42
What do lifelong meds for idiopathic epilepsy achieve?
Not going to stop every single seizure, used to control the seizures, decrease, severity, duration, frequency
43
What is status epilepticus?
Medical emergency seizure
44
How long are status epilepticus seizures
Greater than five minutes
45
How do you diagnose status epilepticus
Physical exam
46
What is the treatment for status epilepticus
Valium, phenobarb, pentobarbital, monitor body temperature, blood, chemistry, IV fluids, oxygen
47
What is intervertebral disc disease?
Herniation of a spinal disc
48
What are the two types of herniation for intervertebral disc disease?
Acute/type one/exploding, extrusion
49
Which type of IVDD is worse
Acute
50
Which type of IVD D occurs over a longer period of time
Extrusion
51
What breed is predisposed to IVDD
Dachshund
52
What are clinical signs of IVDD
Painful, paralyzed, may be symmetrical or unilateral, patellar, and flexor reflexes often intact, absence of deep pain has a poor prognosis, may, or may not have control of bladder, may need expressing
53
What is the treatment for IVDD?
Steroids, TLC, surgery for severe cases
54
What are examples of spinal cord trauma?
Hit by car, gunshots, fights
55
Are spinal cord, trauma signs usually progressive
No but they can worsen
56
What are clinical signs of spinal cord trauma?
History of trauma, shift-scherrington syndrome, paralysis or paresis
57
How do you diagnose, spinal cord trauma?
Neuro exam, radiographs
58
What is the treatment for spinal cord trauma?
Steroids, Manito, DMSO, strict confinement, surgery may help
59
What is atlantoaxial instability?
Cranial portion of the axis is displaced into the spinal column
60
Who is affected by atlantoaxial instability
Small, young dogs
61
What is wobbler’s?
Spinal cord compression as a result of the caudal vertebral formation or malarticulation
62
Who is predisposed to wobbler?
Young Danes, old Dobie’s
63
What are clinical signs of wobbler?
Hindlimb ataxia, walk around like they’re drunk, signs are progressive
64
What is the treatment for wobbler?
Surgery
65
What is degenerative myelopathy
Possible autoimmune disorder, degeneration of the white matter in the spinal cord, progressive
66
Who is predisposed to degenerative myelopathy?
German shepherds
67
When are clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy
Slowly, progressive, hindlimb paresis, and ataxia
68
How do you diagnose degenerative myelopathy
Neuro exam
69
What is the treatment for degenerative myelopathy
None
70
What is discospondylitis?
Infection of bones of vertebral column from bacteria or fungi
71
What should you consider when it comes to discospondylitis
Brucella
72
What are clinical signs of discospondylitis?
Pain, fever, depression, plus or minus neuroscience
73
How do you diagnose, discospondylitis?
Radiographs, CBC WBCC increased, CSF may be abnormal
74
What is the treatment for discospondylitis?
Long-term antibiotics
75
What is fibrocartilaginous embolism?
Necrosis of the spinal cord due to ischemia, obstruction of the spinal cord, idiopathic
76
What are clinical signs of fibrocartilaginous embolism
Neuro deficient depends on location, paresis or paralysis, reluctant to move, not exhibiting pain, answer is always acute
77
How do you diagnose fibrocartilaginous embolism?
Most parameters WNL
78
What is the treatment for fibrocartilaginous embolism
Steroids, TLC
79
What is the prognosis for fibrocartilaginous embolism
Guarded to good
80
What is deafness?
Maybe hereditary, congenital, normal aging, drug therapy, difficult to establish in clinical setting
81
How do you try to determine deafness?
Examine ear canal and tympanic membrane
82
What is the treatment for deafness?
None
83
Who is predisposed to deafness?
White cats
84
Who is predisposed to metabolic neuropathy?
Cats and dogs with diabetes mellitus, dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or hypothyroid
85
What are clinical signs of metabolic neuropathy?
Varied
86
What is the diagnosis for metabolic neuropathy?
Bloodwork
87
What is the treatment for metabolic neuropathy?
Correct, underlying disease
88
How is laryngeal paralysis acquired?
Hereditary, acquired, idiopathic
89
Who is predisposed to laryngeal paralysis?
Labs
90
What should you be cautious about with laryngeal paralysis?
Rabies
91
What are clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis?
Inspiratory, stridor, respiratory distress, cyanosis, collapse
92
How do you diagnose laryngeal paralysis?
Laryngoscope and lightly sedated patient
93
What is the treatment for laryngeal paralysis?
Surgery
94
What is the prognosis for laryngeal paralysis?
Guarded to good
95
What is megaesophagus?
Lack of effective esophageal peristalsis, results in dilation of esophagus
96
When does congenital megaesophagus become evident?
When puppies start solid food
97
When can megaesophagus be acquired?
Any age
98
What are clinical signs of megaesophagus?
Regurgitation of digestive food, may secondary pneumonia due to aspiration
99
How do you diagnose megaesophagus?
Radiographs, barium
100
What is treatment for megaesophagus?
Feed an elevator position, food, soft, slurry, small meals, multiple times per day
101
What are symptoms of tick paralysis?
Flaccid, afebrile, ascending motor paralysis in dogs
102
What tick carries tick paralysis
Rocky Mountain wood tick, dermacenter
103
What are clinical signs of tick paralysis?
Gradual development of hindlimb ataxia, that progresses to flaccid ascending paralysis
104
How do you diagnose tick paralysis?
Rule out others
105
What is the treatment for tick paralysis?
Remove ticks, supportive care
106
What disease may have an M immunologic, pathogenesis, exposure to raccoons, segmental demyelination
Coonhound paralysis
107
What are clinical signs for coonhound paralysis?
Weakness and hind limbs with paralysis progressing rapidly to a flaccid tetraplegia, some dogs affected more than others, hoarse bark
108
What is treatment for coonhound paralysis?
Supportive care
109
Is facial paralysis usually idiopathic
Yes
110
What causes facial paralysis?
Degeneration of myelinated fibers
111
What are clinical signs of facial paralysis?
Airdrop, lip, paralysis, deviation of the nose, collection of food in the paralyze side of the mouth, absence of menace or palprebral reflex
112
What is treatment for facial paralysis?
Symptomatic
113
What causes radial paralysis?
Trauma
114
What are signs of radial paralysis?
Loss of sensation to affected, limb, leg is carried, dorsum of palm, may drag on the ground
115
When my amputation for radial paralysis become necessary
If dorsum of paw is ulcerated
116
What age of animal is affected by green stick fractures more commonly
Young
117
What medication is used to reduce intracranial pressure?
Mannitol
118
True or false: in cases of nystagmus, the slow phase is towards the lesion
False
119
Which of the following is not indicative of starting therapy for epilepsy?
A. A grand mal seizure lasting over five minutes.
B. Cluster seizures.
C. More than three seizures in a 30 day Period
D. Seizure secondary to hypoglycemia.
D
120
Absence of what is considered a poor prognostic indicator and neurological patients?
Deep pain
121
True or false: a patient with potential atlantoaxial fracture should have injectable sedation to aid with obtaining radiographs
False
122
True or false: the difference between tick and coonhound paralysis is the speed at which Parisis develops to full paralysis
True
123
What is the name of the over-the-counter medication owners can use to help vasoconstrict vessels of the nose and stop nosebleeds
Afrin nasal spray
124
What tooth is most commonly infected during a tooth through abscess?
Carnasial
