Musculoskeletal Practical Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
Muscles of the quadricep
A
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
2
Q
Superficial Veins of the Lower Limbs
A
Saphenous Vein (great and small)
3
Q
Fits like a non-stretchy compression stocking on your thigh. Assists in venous return
A
Fascia lata
4
Q
The obturator nerve arises from the ______ plexus
A
Lumbar
5
Q
The femoral nerve arises from the _______ plexus
A
Lumbar
6
Q
The sciatic nerve arises from the ________ plexus
A
Lumboacral
7
Q
All motor and almost all sensory below the knee is innervated by branches of the ________ nerve. A superficial nerve called the _________ nerve carries some sensory.
A
Sciatic
Saphenous
8
Q
Nerve that supplies anterior compartment of the thigh. Derives from ___, ___, ___
A
Femoral nerve
L2, L3, L4
9
Q
Nerve that supplies posterior compartments of the thigh and lower leg. Derives from ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___.
A
Sciatic nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4
10
Q
The gluteals, sub-gluteals, and external genitalia are innervated by the ___________ plexus.
A
Lumbosacral
11
Q
Nerve that includes fibers S2, S3, and S4
A
Pudendal nerve
12
Q
The gluteals received blood supply from the ________________. They are from the ________ division of the ________________.
A
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Posterior division of the Internal Iliac artery
13
Q
The perineum and external genitalia receive blood supply from the ___________. This is from the ___________ division of the ___________.
A
Internal Pudendal Artery
Anterior division of the internal iliac artery
14
Q
The adductor muscles of the leg receive blood supply from the ___________. This is from the _________ division of the ___________.
A
Obturator Artery
Anterior division of the internal iliac artery
15
Q
The external iliac artery becomes the _________ artery when it passes the _________ __________.
A
Femoral
Inguinal ligament
16
Q
The femoral artery branches into ____________ and ____________.
A
Deep femoral (adductors, hamstrings, quads) Medial/lateral femoral circumflex (head and neck of femur)
17
Q
The femoral artery becomes the _________ artery once it travels through the _______ ______, which splits into the __________ and the ___________.
A
Popliteal
Popliteal Fossa
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial
18
Q
The _________ artery branches directly off of the popliteal artery, and supplies the knee.
A
Geniculars
19
Q
The _________ artery is a branch of internal iliac artery. It travels through the _________ foramen and gives blood supply to the _________ ______.
A
Obturator Artery
Obturator Foramen
Femoral Head
20
Q
Necrosis of the femoral head due to absence of blood supply. Causes include trauma (especially femoral neck fx), radiation, steroid use, chemotherapy, alcohol abuse, etc.
A
Avascular necrosis
21
Q
The great saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein, while the small saphenous vein empties into the _________ vein
A
Femoral vein
Popliteal vein
22
Q
What makes up the borders of the femoral triangle?
A
Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus
23
Q
The medial compartment in the thigh serves to _______ the leg
A
Adduct
24
Q
The lateral compartment in the leg serves to ______ the foot
A
Evert
25
Innervation for the posterior lower leg
Tibial nerve
26
Innervation for the anterior lower leg
Deep fibular nerve
27
Innervation for the lateral leg
Superficial fibular nerve
28
Compartment of the lower leg responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle, inversion of the foot, and extension of the toes
Anterior Compartment
29
What is contained in the anterior compartment?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
30
Compartment of the lower leg responsible for plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
Lateral Compartment
31
What is contained in the lateral compartment?
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
| Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
32
Compartment of the lower leg responsible for plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the toes
Posterior Compartment
33
What is contained in the superficial posterior compartment?
Gastrocnemius (2 heads)
Soleus
Plantaris
34
What is contained in the deep posterior compartment?
Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
35
The ______ nerve is a cutaneous sensory nerve of the lower leg and foot. It is formed from branches off the _________ and _________ nerves. It supplies sensory to the _____________ and _____________.
Sural
Tibial and Common fibular
Lateral lower leg and lateral foot
36
The _________ nerve supplies sensory to the lower leg from the femoral nerve
Saphenous
37
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
38
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
39
Diarthroses
Freely movable joints
40
Bony connection made up of ligaments only
Syndesmoses
41
Epiphyseal plates and the joint between the first rib's costal cartilage and manubrium of the sternum are examples of: __________
Synchondroses
"Junction of the cartilage"
Immovable
42
Intervertebral disc and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis are examples of: ___________
Symphyses
"Fibrocartilage unites the bones"
Slightly movable, provide strength and flexibility
43
Part of the synovial joint:
| Spongy cushions absorb compression, protect ends of bones from being crushed
Articular cartilage
44
Part of the synovial joint:
| Potential space, small amount of synovial fluid
Joint (Synovial) cavity
45
Part of the synovial joint: Fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue that's continuous with periosteum
Outer layer of the Articular Capsule
46
Part of the synovial joint:
Synovial membrane of loose connective tissue (makes synovial fluid). Lines all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
Inner layer of the Articular Capsule
47
Part of the synovial joint:
| Blood filtrate full of special glycoproteins. Nourishes cartilage and functions as a slippery lubricant.
Synovial fluid
48
Part of the synovial joint:
Most are capsular, or thickened part of capsule.
Some are extracapsular or intracapsular
Reinforcing ligaments
49
Means "crescent"
| Made of fibrocartilage, found in joints with bone ends of different shapes
Meniscus
50
Flattened sac lined by synovial membrane, where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones overlie each over and rub together
Bursa
51
Found on tendons subjected to friction
Tendon sheaths
52
Treatment of bursitis
Steroid injection of bursa
53
Ligaments can stretch ___% beyond normal length before they tear
6%
54
The head of the femur is ________ than the lip of the acetabulum, _______ stability
Wider
| Increasing
55
Three external ligaments "tether" in the head of the femur when standing:
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
56
The ACL runs from the anterior ____________ area of the tibia to the _________ ___________ of the femur
Intercondylar
| Lateral condyle
57
The PCL runs from the posterior ____________ area of the tibia to the ________ _________ of the femur
Intercondylar
| Medial condyle
58
The ankle bone is also known as the ______, and articulates with both the ______ and ________
Talus
Tibia
Fibula
59
The heel bone is also known as the _______. The ________ fits on top of it.
Calcaneus
| Talus
60
Cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot
Tarsus
61
Bones of the tarsus
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Cuboid
4. Navicular
5, 6, 7: Cuneiform bones
62
The talocrural joint is composed of:
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Talus
63
The subtalar joint is composed of the ________ and the __________, and allows _________ and _________ of the foot
Talus and calcaneus
| Inversion and eversion
64
The ligament found on the medial aspect of the subtalar joint is the _______ ligament
Deltoid
65
The ligaments found on the lateral aspect of the subtalar joint are the __________, ___________, and __________.
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
66
The midfoot is composed of the:
1. Cuboid
2. Navicular
3, 4, 5: Cuneiforms
67
The three arches of the foot include the ___________, _____________, and the _____________
Internal (medial) longitudinal arch
External (lateral) longitudinal arch
Transverse (or anterior) arch
68
Very dense organized layer of deep fascia that runs down the middle of the sole. Helps to maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.
Plantar Aponeurosis
69
Functions of the human skeletal system
```
Support
Protection
Movement
Reservoir for minerals/adipose tissue
Hematopoiesis
```
70
The scapulae sternum, ribs, and most bones of the skull are
Flat bones
71
The vertebrae, hip bones, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones are
Irregular bones
72
Bone cell:
| Found in both the periosteum and the endosteum
Osteoblasts
73
Bone-building cells
Osteoblasts
74
Bone cells:
| Synthesize and secrete collagen and other organic components of bone matrix
Osteoblasts
75
Bone cells:
| Initiate the calcification process
Osteoblasts
76
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
77
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped within the matrix they secreted
Osteocytes
78
Bone cells: no longer secrete matrix, but are responsible for maintaining bone tissue
Osteocytes
79
Huge cells created by fusion of up to 50 monocytes
Osteoclasts
80
These bone cells digest bone matrix (bone resorption)
Osteoclasts
81
These bone cells are concentrated in the endosteum
Osteoclasts
82
On the side of the cell that faces the bone surface, the plasma membrane is deeply folded into a ruffled border. Secretes digestive enzymes which digest bone matrix
Osteoclasts
83
Pumps out hydrogen ions to create an acidic environment that eats away at the matrix
Osteoclasts
84
Bone matrix consists of 1/3 _________ and 2/3 ___________ components
1/3 organic
| 2/3 inorganic
85
Main protein of the organic component of bone
Collagen
86
The two salts that make up the inorganic component of bone
Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
| Interact to form hydroxyapatite
87
The shaft of a long bone is referred to as the:
Diaphysis
88
Thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central marrow cavity
Diaphysis
89
In adults, the marrow cavity of bone contains __________, compared to kids ____________
Fat (yellow bone marrow)
| Red bone marrow
90
Expanded ends of a long bone are referred to as the:
Epiphyses
91
Thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of spongy bone. Joint surface is covered with articular cartilage
Epiphyses
92
Double-layered membrane covering the external surface of the bone (except for joint surfaces)
Periosteum
| Richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
93
Delicate connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces (the marrow surfaces)
Endosteum
94
Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone in the marrow cavities
Endosteum
95
Lines the canals that pass through compact bone
Endosteum
96
Contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Endosteum
97
Soft tissue occupying the medullary cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger haversian canals
Bone marrow
98
Looks like blood but with a thicker consistency. Consists of a delicate mesh of reticular tissue saturated with immature RBCs and scattered adipocytes
Red bone marrow
99
Hematopoietic tissue
Red bone marrow
100
Hematopoietically inactive
Yellow marrow
101
No longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, can transform back into red marrow
Yellow marrow
102
In adults, red marrow is limited to the ___________, ____________, __________, and proximal heads of the ______ and ________
Axial skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Humerus and femur
103
Consists of multiple cylindrical structure units known as osteons or haversian systems
Compact bone
104
Function like weight-bearing pillars that are arranged parallel to one another along the long axis of a long bone
Haversian systems (osteon)
105
Haversian systems consist of a central canal, known as a ___________, surrounded by concentric layers of calcified _____________
Haversian canal
| Bone matrix
106
What passes through the haversian canal?
Veins, arteries, nerves, lymphatics
107
Concentric "tubes" that surround a haversian canal are known as ________
Lamellae
108
Collagen fibers in neighboring lamellae run in _________ directions, helping bone to better withstand _________ forces
Opposite
| Twisting
109
Run perpendicular to the haversian canals, bringing in blood and nerve supply from the _________ to the haversian canals and on to the marrow (medullary) cavity
Volkmann's Canals
| Periosteum
110
Lying in between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae called ________ _________. These fill the gaps between ________ or are remnants of bone remodeling.
Interstitial lamellae
| Osteons
111
Spider-shaped ________ occupy small cavities known as ________ at the junctions of the lamellae.
Osteocytes
| Lacunae
112
________ connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal
Canaliculi
113
________ allow the osteocytes to exchange nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals to each other via ______ _______
Canaliculi
| Gap junctions
114
Trabeculae contain irregularly arranged ________ and osteocytes interconnected by _________
Lamellae
| Canaliculi
115
How does spongy bone get its blood supply?
From the surrounding marrow (if red)
| From Volkmann's channel (if yellow)
116
Before week 8, the human embryonic skeleton is made of ________ ________ and __________
Fibrous membranes
| Cartilage
117
After week 8, these membranes and cartilage begin to be replaced by ______
bone
118
The development of bone from a fibrous membrane
Intramembranous ossification
119
The replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone
Endochondral ossification
120
This type of ossification takes place in the bones of the skull cap, facial bones, clavicles, pelvis, scapulae, and part of the mandible
Intramembranous ossification
121
Prior to intramembranous ossification, structures exist as fibrous embryonic membranes called ________
Mesenchyme
122
Intramembranous Ossification Step 1: _________ cells first cluster together and start to secrete the _________ components of bone matrix. These components become mineralized through crystallization of calcium salts. As calcification occurs, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into _________.
Mesenchymal
Organic
Osteoblasts
123
Intramembranous Ossification Step 2: Some ________ become trapped within bony pockets and differentiate into _________.
Osteoblasts
| Osteocytes
124
Intramembranous Ossification Step 3: Developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in ________. Blood vessels trapped among the ______ branch into the area. _______ forms.
Spicules
Spicules
Periosteum
125
Intramembranous Ossification Step 4: ________ _______ forms around the spicules of growth and _____ _______ populates the spongy areas
Compact bone
| Red marrow
126
Endochondral Ossification: Begins with formation of a ________ _______ model which will later be replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage
127
Most bones in the body develop via this model
Endochondral ossification
128
Endochondral ossification: large ________ grow, creating big spaces in the middle of the bone. When they die, the large spaces remain. The spaces create a path for ______ ________ to grow in, bringing _______ which create ossification centers.
Chondrocytes
Blood vessels
Osteoblasts
129
Endochondral Ossification: Secondary ossification centers are created within each epiphysis, where a cartilaginous area remains to become the ________ _________ _________
Epiphyseal growth plate
130
_________ beneath the _________ secrete bone matrix on the external surface of the bone, making the bone _________. Simultaneously, _________ on the _________ break down bone and widen the medullary cavity
```
Osteoblasts
Periosteum
thicker
Osteoclasts
Endosteum
```
131
At puberty, osteoblasts begin producing bone faster than the rate of _________ _________ __________. Thus the bone grows while the _______ _______ gets narrower and narrower and ultimately disappears.
Epiphyseal cartilage expansion
| Epiphyseal plate
132
Fracture Repair Step 1: Immediately after the fracture, _______ _______ occurs. Over several hours, a large ________ _________ develops. Because of the vascular interruption, bone cells are deprived of nutrients and _____. The site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed.
Extensive bleeding
Fracture hematoma
Die
133
Fracture Repair Step 2: Hematoma is infiltrated by capillaries and __________, which gradually clean up the debris and form fibroblastic ________ ________. Fibroblasts produce ______ _______ that span the break; others differentiate into ___________ and begin secreting cartilage matrix.
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within the fibrous mass. The entire structure is known as a ________ ______ which splints the broken bone
```
Macrophage
Granulation tissue
Collagen fibers
Chondroblasts
Fibrocartilaginous callus
```
134
Fracture Repair Step 3: Bone trabeculae increase, converting the callus into a ____ ______ of spongy bone. Typically takes about ________ weeks for this to occur.
Bony callus
| 6-8 weeks
135
Fracture Repair Step 4:
During the next several months, the bony callus continuously remodels. __________ slowly dismantle the temporary supportive structures, while __________ rebuild the compact bone so that it returns to its original shape.
Osteoclasts
| Osteoblasts
136
Most common cause of avascular necrosis of the hip
Femoral neck fracture
| Closely followed by intertrochanteric
137
What vessel is typically destroyed in avascular necrosis of the hip?
Medial femoral circumflex supply
138
Which vessel supplies the scaphoid bone?
Radial artery
139
Bone will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
Wolff's Law
140
Normal bone growth/maintenance cannot occur without sufficient dietary intake of _______ and ______ _____
Calcium
| Phosphate salts
141
Vitamins D, C, A, K, and B12 are all necessary for:
Bone growth
142
Hormonal Effects on bone: ______ ________ and ________ stimulate bone growth
Growth hormone
| Thyroxine
143
At puberty, rising levels of ____ ________ cause osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the epiphyseal cartilage can divide. This causes the characteristic _____ _______
Sex hormones
| Growth spurt
144
Estrogen acts to stimulate _________ activity and inhibit ______ activity
Osteoblast
| Osteoclast
145
Notable for short adult stature
Precocious Puberty
146
Insulin stimulates _____ _______, while glucocorticoids stimulate __________ activity
Bone formation
| Osteoclast
147
________ acts to "tone down" blood calcium levels by decreasing _________ activity and stimulating ______ activity
Calcitonin
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
148
___________ ________ causes blood calcium to increase by decreasing ________ activity and increasing ________ activity
Parathyroid hormone
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
149
Term that encompasses many disorders in which osteoid (organic portion of bone) is produced but inadequately mineralized.
Osteomalacia
150
Children's form of osteomalacia. More detrimental. Signs include bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull
Rickets
151
________ rheumatic disease is usually self-limited and is often initiated by an outside force
Acute
152
A key step in starting a rheumatoid response is activation of regional blood vessel endothelium by _____________ _________
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
153
When complement is activated, it activates even more complement and attracts more inflammatory cells to the site. It also increases _______ _________, which increases inflammation at the site
Snowball effect of complement
| Capillary permeability
154
Activate macrophage cells, which increases phagocytosis
Helper T1 cells
155
Primarily activate B cells, which increases antibody production
Helper T2 cells
156
Helper T-17 cells
Primarily activate granulocytes and autoimmune mechanisms
157
Increased risk with metabolic syndrome, high-purine diet, obesity, renal and heart disease
Gout
158
A microtubule poison
Colchicine
159
Chronic rheumatoid arthritis includes ________ formation. This is a membrane of granulation tissue made of mesenchyme and bone marrow-derived cells.
Pannus
160
Antibodies in RA
Rheumatoid factor
| Anti-CCP
161
Sicca syndrome
Destruction of glands that produce tears and saliva
| Manifestation of RA
162
Inhibitor of Dihydrofolate Reductase - inhibits creation of new DNA
Methotrexate
163
Osteoarthritis is related to loss of certain proteins of the cartilage called _________
Proteoglycans
164
Life-threatening interstitial inflammation which can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and intra-alveolar hemorrhage. Associated with SLE
Serositis
165
Common tx for SLE
NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids
166
Muscles that insert on the scapula (move the scapula)
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Pectoralis Minor
Levator Scapulae
167
Muscles that originate on the scapula (move the arm)
```
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Latissimus Dorsi
Coracobrachialis
```
168
Innervation for the biceps
Musculocutaneous nerve
169
Innervation for the deltoid
Axillary nerve
170
Subscapularis action
Internal rotation
171
Infraspinatus action
External rotation
172
Teres minor action
External rotation
173
Supraspinatus action
Abduction
174
The subclavian artery officially becomes the _________ artery when it travels over the ______ _____
Axillary
| First rib
175
The axillary artery officially becomes the ______ artery when it travels past the _______ ________
Brachial
| Teres minor
176
Branches of the Axillary Artery
Sixties Teens Liked Sex and Pot
```
Superior Thoracic Artery
Thoracoacromial Artery
Lateral Thoracic Artery
Subscapular Artery
Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
```
177
Anterior surface of the elbow
Cubital Fossa
178
Contents of the cubital fossa
Medial cubital vein
Brachial Artery
Median nerve
179
Musculocutaneous Nerve Motor Function
Flexors in the upper arm
180
Axillary Nerve Motor Function
Shoulder movements (abductors)
181
Radial Nerve Motor Function
Extensors (triceps)
182
Median Nerve Motor Function
Flexors of the forearm
183
Ulnar Nerve Motor Function
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
184
Most common brachial plexus injuries
Traction injuries
185
Erb's Palsies
Injury at C5, C6
186
Klumpke's Palsies
Injury at C8, T1
| Results in a claw hand
187
Flexors of the Upper Arm and nerve innervation
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
188
Extensors of the Upper Arm
Triceps brachii
| Radial nerve
189
Only nerve traveling in the posterior compartment
Radial Nerve
190
Posterior Compartment Muscles of the Forearm
Brachioradialis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis longus
191
Anterior Compartment Muscles of the Forearm
Brachioradialis
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
192
Some Leaders Take Positions That They Can't Handle
1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetral
4. Pisiform
5. Trapezium
6. Trapezoid
7. Capitate
8. Hamate
