Musculoskeletal Structure of the Ankle and Lower Leg

Question 1

What are the tarsals of the foot equivalent too of in the wrist?

Answer 1

the carpals

Question 2

What bones of the feet are equivalent to the fingers?

Answer 2

Metatarsals and Phalanges

Question 3

What are the Metatarsals equivalent to in the hand?

Answer 3

the bones in the palm

Question 4

What are the Phalanges equivalent to in the hand?

Answer 4

the fingers

Question 5

In what direction are the digits numbered?

Answer 5

Medial-Lateral; going from 1-5

Question 6

What is the anatomical name for the big toe?

Answer 6

hallux

Question 7

What is unique about the structure of the hallux?

Answer 7

it only has distal and proximal phalanges; the others have a middle phalange

Question 8

How many total middle phalanges are there?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

What is the name of the joint between the tarsals and metatarsals?

Answer 9

Tarsometatarsal Joint

Question 10

What is the name of the joint between the tarsals and talus?

Answer 10

Transverse Tarsal Joint

Question 11

What bone in the ankle articulates with the lower leg?

Answer 11

talus

Question 12

What bones in the foot help with articulation and movement?

Answer 12

cuneiforms

Question 13

What part of the fibula articulates with the talus?

Answer 13

Lateral Malleolus

Question 14

What part of the tibia articulates with the talus?

Answer 14

Medial Malleolus

Question 15

What ligament is between the tibia and fibula?

Answer 15

interosseous membrane

Question 16

Between the tibia and fibula, which one is weight bearing and which one is non-weight bearing?

Answer 16

Tibia is weight bearing

Fibula is non-weight bearing

Question 17

What are the articulations for the tibia?

Answer 17

Distal- Talus and Fibula

Proximal- Femur and Fibula

Question 18

What is the lateral shin?

Answer 18

Fibula

Question 19

What is the function of the fibula?

Answer 19

assists in resisting tibular torsion

Question 20

What are the functions of the ankle and foot?

Answer 20

1) provide a stable base
2) accommodation of varied terrains during posture and gait
3) shock absorber with contact in walking and gait
4) provides a moment arm for ground reaction force to permit efficient push off

Question 21

What is the moment arm?

Answer 21

increases the mechanical advantage and torque production of a muscle

Question 22

How many joints and bones are their in the lower leg, the ankle, and the foot?

Answer 22

25 bones and 25 joints

Question 23

What are the joints in the lower leg, ankle, and foot?

Answer 23

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
Distal Tibiofibular Joint
Talocalcaneal Joint 
Talonavicular Joint
Calcaneocuboid Joint
Tarsometatarsal Joint (5)
Metatarsophalangeal Joints (5)
Interphalangeal Joints (9); only one for the big toe

Question 24

What joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 24

Talovicular Joint and Talocalcaneal Joint and Talocuboid joint

Question 25

What joints combine to perform eversion and inversion?

Answer 25

Talonavicular Joint Talocalcaneal Joint Calcaneocuboid Joint

Question 26

What are the three functional segments of the foot?

Answer 26

Hindfoot Midfoot Forefoot

Question 27

What bones make up the hindfoot?

Answer 27

Talus and Calcaneous

Question 28

What bones make up the Midfoot?

Answer 28

navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms

Question 29

What bones make up the Forefoot?

Answer 29

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 30

What joint is between the lower leg and the top of the talus?

Answer 30

Talocrural Joint

Question 31

How many degrees of freedom does the Talocrural Joint have?

Answer 31

1; PF and DF

Question 32

What type of joint is the the Talocrural Joint?

Answer 32

hinge

Question 33

Where does the Subtalar Joint articulate?

Answer 33

talus and calcaneus

Question 34

What does the Subtalar joint articulate too?

Answer 34

between talus, navicular, calcaneus, and cuboid bones

Question 35

What does the Subtalar Joint separate?

Answer 35

hindfoot and midfoot

Question 36

What movement occurs at the Subtalar Joint?

Answer 36

Eversion and Inversion

Question 37

What are the three arches of the foot?

Answer 37

Medial Lateral Transverse

Question 38

What are the arches maintained through?

Answer 38

tarsal and metatarsal bones, ligaments, and fascia

Question 39

What stores the energy during movement of the arches?

Answer 39

fascia

Question 40

What is another word for eversion?

Answer 40

Valgus

Question 41

What is another word for inversion?

Answer 41

Varus

Question 42

What are the different arch types?

Answer 42

normal-pes rectus high-pes cavus flat-pes planus

Question 43

Arches can be either ____ or ____?

Answer 43

flexible or rigid

Question 44

What type of arch is poor at shock absorbing?

Answer 44

high arch

Question 45

What type of arch is easy to pronate?

Answer 45

flat

Question 46

How do ankle sprains occur?

Answer 46

laterally (PF and inversion) or medially (eversion); lateral is more common

Question 47

What are the deltoid (medial) ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 47

Anterior/Posterior Tibiotalar Tibiocalcaneal Tiboinavacular

Question 48

What are the 3 Lateral Ligaments?

Answer 48

``` Anterior Talofibular (ATF; most common injured) Calconeofibular (CF; most common injured) Posterior Talofibular (PTF) ```

Question 49

What are the other ligaments of the Ankle?

Answer 49

Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular (AITF)

Question 50

What are some of the plantar flexors?

Answer 50

Gastrocnemius Soleus -both insert at the calcaneal tendon

Question 51

What are some of the Assistant Plantar Flexors?

Answer 51

``` Tibialis Posterior Peroneus Brevis Peroneus Longus Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus Plantaris -their tendons pass posteriorly to the malleoli ```

Question 52

What are some of the Dorsiflexors?

Answer 52

Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallucis Longus Peroneus Tertius

Question 53

What is DOMS?

Answer 53

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Question 54

What are the invertors?

Answer 54

``` The primary ones: Tibialis Anterior Tibialis Posterior The rest: Extensor Hallucis Longus Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus ```

Question 55

What are the evertors?

Answer 55

``` Primary: Peroneus Brevis Peroneus Longus The rest: Peroneus Tertius Extensor Digitorum Longus ```

Question 56

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 56

``` Quadratus Plantae Lumbricals Fibularis Brevis Flexor Digitorum Brevis Abductor Digit Minimi Abductor Hallucis ```