The Neuromuscular Basis

Question 1

What is the order in which a nerve impulse travels down a neuron?

Answer 1

dendrite
cell body (nucleus)
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Syanpse

Question 2

What is another word for nerve impulse?

Answer 2

action potential

Question 3

What is the word for a signal that passes from one neuron to the next and finally the muscle fibers?

Answer 3

action potential

Question 4

What voltage is considered resting potential for a neuron?

Answer 4

-70 mV

Question 5

When is the membrane considered polarized?

Answer 5

whenever there is more sodium outside and more potassium inside

Question 6

Explain the process of depolarization?

Answer 6

Resting Membrane Potential moves to 0 mV; channels open and allow Sodium in and potassium out

Question 7

What is the threshold required in order for depolarization to occur?

Answer 7

-55mV`

Question 8

Explain Re polarization

Answer 8

channels open to where sodium moves out and potassium moves in

Question 9

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 9

the nerve terminal where there is a space between the neuron and the end plate of the muscle

Question 10

What happens at a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 10

ACH is released and it binds to the receptor on the end plate of the muscle, then ACH turns into Ca

Question 11

What type of neuron sends sensory information to the CNS?

Answer 11

Afferent

Question 12

What type of neuron sends motor information to the PNS?

Answer 12

Efferent; the “effect” is caused, this is information for muscular contraction

Question 13

What is a bundle of afferent and efferent neurons called?

Answer 13

Sciatic Nerve

Question 14

On a graph what type of neuron is ascending and descending?

Answer 14

Ascending=Afferent

Descending=Efferent

Question 15

What are the types of interneurons?

Answer 15

Aff-Eff
Eff-Eff
High part of the brain

Question 16

What do nodes of ramvier do on a motor neuron?

Answer 16

speed up the AP; the gaps between the fatty substances

Question 17

What produces mylenation?

Answer 17

Schwann cell; are the fatty substances on the myelin sheath

Question 18

What is a motor unit?

Answer 18

motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates (distributes)

Question 19

What is the smallest unit of muscles shortening?

Answer 19

motor unit

Question 20

What does precision do for a motor unit?

Answer 20

the number of motor neurons determines how precise the movements are in that muscle

Question 21

How many motor neurons are present in a muscle?

Answer 21

100-200

Question 22

The smaller number of motor units the more precise the movement is

Answer 22

shah

Question 23

What is the all or non principle?

Answer 23

whenever all fibers of a motor unit produce tension together

Question 24

What are the different types of motor units?

Answer 24

I, IIa, IIb

Question 25

What is process that increases the number of stimulated motor units?

Answer 25

recruitment

Question 26

What is the process that increases the stimulation rate of the active motor units?

Answer 26

rate coding

Question 27

Which type of muscle fiber has a slow contraction, generates little tension, and maintains posture?

Answer 27

Type I

Question 28

Which muscle fiber has fast contractions, more fatigue resistant?

Answer 28

Type IIa | swimming, biking

Question 29

Which type of muscle fiber produces rapid contraction, distributed by alpha neurons, have a wider diameter?

Answer 29

type IIb; weightlifting

Question 30

During rate coding, what produces the effect of a single stimulus?

Answer 30

twitch

Question 31

During rate coding, what produces the overall effect of added stimuli?

Answer 31

summation

Question 32

During rate coding, what produces max tension due to high frequency stimulation?

Answer 32

tetanus

Question 33

What type of twitch relaxes and stimulates faster?

Answer 33

Fast twitch

Question 34

What type of twitch takes longer to stim and relax?

Answer 34

Slow twtich

Question 35

During recruitment, what is the order of the size principle?

Answer 35

Type I, then IIa, then IIb

Question 36

What is asynchronous activation?

Answer 36

whenever activation is spaced with preceding motor unit activity

Question 37

What is synchronous activation?

Answer 37

large and small motor units activated together

Question 38

During recruitment what can high frequency coding do?

Answer 38

induces high tension production aka rate coding

Question 39

For small muscles, what percent of units need to be activated for voluntary contractions?

Answer 39

30-50%

Question 40

For large muscles , what percent of motor units need to be activated for voluntary contraction?

Answer 40

100%

Question 41

What are the main sensory receptors for muscles?

Answer 41

proprioreceptors

Question 42

What monitors muscle strength?

Answer 42

muscle spindles

Question 43

What do muscle spindels respond to?

Answer 43

muscle length and velocity

Question 44

What is autogenic facilitation?

Answer 44

The process of inhibiting the muscle that generated a stimulus while providing an excitatory impulse to the antagonist muscle

Question 45

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 45

process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint

Question 46

What do muscle spindles cause?

Answer 46

autogenic facilitation | reciprocal inhibition

Question 47

What type of fibers are innervates muscle spindles?

Answer 47

intrafusal fibers

Question 48

What are intrafusal fibers with large nuclei in them?

Answer 48

nuclear bag fibers

Question 49

What innervates the contractile ends of a motor spindle?

Answer 49

gamma motor neuron

Question 50

What readjusts the muscle spindle length by contracting intrafusal fiber?

Answer 50

gamma bias

Question 51

What type of chain is it whenever the intrafusal fibers are arranged with nuclei in rows?

Answer 51

nuclear chain fiber

Question 52

What does stretch reflex do?

Answer 52

orders contraction of a muscle being stretched

Question 53

What does the Golgi Tendon Organ do?

Answer 53

monitors muscle tension

Question 54

What are fibers outside of the muscle spindle?

Answer 54

Extrafusal spindle

Question 55

Where is the GTO located?

Answer 55

myotendinous junction, attached to muscle fibers so more sensitive to contraction then stretch

Question 56

What does ballistic stretching target?

Answer 56

muscle spindles, which causes relaxation

Question 57

What does static stretching target?

Answer 57

minimizes muscle spindle response, but targets the GTO response

Question 58

what responds to a change in joint position and velocity?

Answer 58

ruffini ending

Question 59

What responds to pressure and pain?

Answer 59

pacinian corpuscle

Question 60

What happens to neurons during strength training?

Answer 60

they adapt and are able to withstand more load

Question 61

Bilateral Deficit

Answer 61

loss of both force through bilateral training

Question 62

what is the purpose of pylometric training?

Answer 62

improve velocity of performance