Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
(41 cards)
What makes up the Musculoskeletal system?
- Bones
- Mucles
- Joints, cartilage, tendons
Name some common problems (pathologies) of bone?
- Fractures
- Osteoporosis
- Arthritis
- Osteomyelitis
- Tumours
What are the stages of fracture healing?
- Haematome + granulation tissue
- Cartalidge callus
- Bony Callus and certilaginous remnants
- Remodelling
- Repair tissue reached max’ girth 2-3 weeks
What factors can limit fracture healing?
- Bone not aligned
- Are not immobilised
- Fracture site contains dead bone
- Infection
What condition is characterised by decreased bone mass and density and can lead to fractures?
Osteoporosis
Very common in the uk (3mil)
Name some characteristics of osteoporosis?
- Decreased bone mass + density
- Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production
- Inadequate peak bone mass
- Excess bone reabsorbs
- Inadequate bone production
What factors can put someone at risk of Osteoporosis?
- Hormonal infulences such as lack of oestrogen (oestrogen causes reduced bone resorption and increases bone formation)
- Lack of Vit D and Calcium
Characteristics of Arthritis???
- Pain
- Swelling / inflammation
- Warmth over joint (erythema)
- Restricted movement
Name some types of Arthritis?
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gouty Arthritis
- Infectious
- Juvenile Idiopathic
- Secondary to systemic disease
There are a few more
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Associated with increased age and obesity. Progressive deterioration. Usually in weight baring joints.
What’s Primary and Secondary Osteoarthritis?
- Primary (most common): no initial cause
- Secondary: at any age, previous joint trauma or congenital abnormality.
Who’s at risk of getting osteoarthritis???
- Older people
- Female (post menopause)
- Obesity
- Pre-existing joint deformity
- Excess echanical stress (sports people, miners, farmers)
- Genetic susceptibility
- Hypermobility
- Other diseases (secondary OA)
Features/ Symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
- Morning stiffness
- Pain, worse at night
- Reduced range of movement
- Progressive reduction in mobility
- joint effusion (fluid)
- Crepitus (grating sensation)
What’s Heberden’s node and Bouchard’s node?
It’s swelling/ deformities of the joints in the fingers
What’s an Osteophytes
It’s a bony projection associated with the degeneration of cartlidge and joints. Symptoms of osteoarthritis
What disease is this describing?
- Inflammation in synovium
- Thickened membranes
- Chronic inflammation leads to cartelidge and joint destruction
- Other tissues involved such as lungs, vessels
This is Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Familial association
- Link with HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
- Women 3x more than men.
- 1% of population
Features/ symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
- Small joints usually affected (hands/ feet)
- Pain
- Swelling/ deformity
- Fever, fatigue, generalised pain
- Joints often stiff without prior activity
- Most have fluctuating disease
What is swan neck deformity? And what disease is it associated with?
It’s bending of the fingers resulting in them resembling the shape of swan’s necks. It’s associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
What is Boutonniere deformity? And what disease is it associated with?
It’s a deformity of the hands and feet where the joints near knuckle are bent in. And joints furthest from the knuckle are bent out.
Caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
What symptoms are needed to diagnose someone whith rhematoid arthritis? (need 4)
- Morning stiffness
- Arthritis in 3 or more joints
- Arthritis of typical hand joints
- Symmetric Arthritis
- Rheumatoid nodules
- Serum rheumatoid factor
- Typical radiographic changes
What joint disorder is associated with crystal accumilation in the joints?
Crystal Arthropathies
gout/ pseudogout
What is Crystal Arthropathies?
It’s a condition where small crystals form in the joints.
What condition is characterised by:
Raised uric acid
Gout
Urate deposits as crystals in the joints. Repeated attacks lead to arthritis.
What is GOUT?
It’s a form of Crystal arthropathies. Raised uric acid deposits itself in the joints as crystals. Can cause arthritis.
