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Block 3 VMT > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Ligaments

A

Hold bones in position

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2
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscles to bones for movement

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3
Q

What do tendons and ligaments make up

A

Both make up connective tissue network; function is to support movement.

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4
Q

Main role of the skeleton

A

Protects-skull(brain) and ribs(heart and lungs)
Provides structure- framework for other organs to attach
Blood cell formation- bone marrow-blood cells are formed (hematopoiesis)

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5
Q

How many bones do dogs have

A

340 bones

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6
Q

Bone formation

A

Bones start as calcium and oddity with time. They grow from the growth plates.

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7
Q

Growth plates

A

Where the bones actively grow until the plates close at maturity

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8
Q

Bone remodeling

A

After a break/fracture(different than growth on growth plate)

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9
Q

Ossification

A

Hardening bones with calcium / phosphate minerals

Bones not fully closed or ossified until maturity

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10
Q

Bone cavities

A

Contain red or yellow bone marrow

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11
Q

Red marrow

A

Contains hematopoietic cells (all red at birth)
Make RBCs WBSs and platelets
Flat bones/end of long bones

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12
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Contains mostly fat cells
Cavity in long part of bones
Can turn back to red if hematopoiesis

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13
Q

Yellow to red bone marrow

A

Adults have 50/50 red and yellow bone marrow

Red marrow turns yellow as animal ages

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Type of bone cell that breaks down / absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing
Essential for maintenance, repair, restructing)

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15
Q

Osteoblast

A

Large cells responsible for synthesis and mineralization of bone during formation and remodeling.

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16
Q

Osteocyte

A

Derive from osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

Osteoblasts surrounded by the products they secreted

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17
Q

Fractures

A

Blood goes to the area and clots
A hard callus eventually replaces the soft callus , creating new bone. The extra bone that gets created around the hard callus gets broken down.

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18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth white tissue that covers end of bones where they come in contact to form joints
Allows bones to glide over each other with little friction ; aids movement.
Can be damaged by injury or wear/tear. Hard to heal

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19
Q

Axial

A

Bone forming head/trunk of animal

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae

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20
Q

Appendicular

A

Bones of the limbs, including girdles that attach to axial skeleton
Scapula, clavicle , sacrum, hips

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21
Q

Skull bones

A 
Cranium 
Orbits 
Foramen magnum 
Mandible 
Maxilla 
Sinuses
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22
Q

Cranium

A

Bone enclosing the brain
Includes facial bones
Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal

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23
Q

Orbits

A

Cavity containing eye ball

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24
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Opening at the base of the skull

Brian stem and spinal cord enter

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25
Mandible
The lower jaw bone
26
Maxilla
The upper jaw bone | Also helps support orbits
27
Sinuses
Hollow spaces in the skull ; connect with nasal passage | Lighten skull, produce mucous, for protection/lubrication
28
Vertebral bones
Protect the spinal cord | Most have spaces inbetween (inter vertebral discs); except sacral (fused)
29
5 types of vertebrae
Cervical (7) neck C1 Atlas C2 Atlas Thoracic 13 thorax Lumbar 7 back of abdomen Sacral 3 fused. Fuses to form sacrum; articulates with pelvic girdle. Coccygeal 6-23. Tail length varies; highly moveable
30
Ribs
13 pairs in dogs and cats Attach to thoracic vertebrae; 2 ribs per vertebrae Ribs ventrally attach to sternum ; last rib often floating 12- people 13- dogs and cats 18 horses
31
True ribs
Bones attached to sternum
32
False ribs
Bones not attached to sternum
33
Intervertebral disc
Located between each vertebrae
34
Spinal cord
Extends the length of the vertebral column in the vertebral foramen
35
Vertebral foramen
Opening in vertebrae formed by body and arch
36
Where does the spinal cord lie
With in the vertebral column ; gives good protection
37
Cauda equina
Last section of roots of spinal cord ; responsible for caudal nerve signaling
38
Hyoid bone
Anchors tongue to mouth , sits at the root of the tongue before voice box in larynx When bones are more rigid in felines, they can purr
39
Thoracic cage
``` Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpus Metacarpus ```
40
Clavicle
Collarbone. Bone caudal to shoulder blade.
41
Scapula
Shoulder blade.
42
Humerus
Forms shoulder joint(dislocation can occur)
43
Radius
Shaft bone that is cranial
44
Ulna
Shaft bone that is caudal
45
Carpus
Form of many small bones "wrist joint"
46
Metacarpals
Connects carpals to phalanges
47
Phalanges
Five on front paw, may have 4-5 on hind paws. Digit 1= declaw; have 2 phalanges - missing P2 - may be attached by bone or floppy. Just skin Digits 2-5 - 3 phalanges
48
Bones of the hind leg
``` Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsus (hock) Metatarsals Phalanges ```
49
What bones make up the pelvis
Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum
50
Ilium
Cranial "wings" | Articulates with sacrum
51
Ischium
Caudal "wings" below holes | Forms most of pelvic floor
52
Pubis
Pubis symphysis | Two sides of pelvis join - connects ischium together
53
Acetabulum
Articulation of hip joint where femur sits Formed from ischium ilium and pubis Makes up pelvic girdle
54
Femur
Forms hip joint in acetabulum and knew in tibia
55
Patella
Knee cap | Small bone cranial knee joint; covers and protects cranial knee (stifle)
56
Tibia
Large bone creating knee and ankle (tarsus)
57
Fibula
Small bone, involved in ankle joint and back of stifle Anchor point for many muscles Stability in ankle Attaches to caudal part of tibia by stifle in dogs/cats
58
Tarsus (hock)
Formed of multiple small bones (like carpus) | Useful for absorbing shocks
59
Metatarsals
Bones connecting hock to phalanges (4)
60
Phalanges hund
Similar to foreleg
61
Joint
A structure where 2 or more bones fit together | Parts of skeleton come together
62
Fibrous joints
No bone cavity Connected with fibrous connective tissue Ex: skull bones
63
Cartilaginous joints
Connected by cartilage (and some fibrous tissue) Always allows small movements (depends on how much fibrous tissue) Ex: vertebral joints (intervertebral discs are cartilage)
64
Synovial joints
Connected by cartilage and enclosed by membrane; contains synovial fluid Most moveable joint; allows reduced friction during movement Most common joint Ex: shoulder, knee, elbow, hip
65
What are the three types of synovial joints
Hinge Ball and socket Gliding
66
Hinge synovial joint
One rounded surface fits into another Only allows one direction like a hinge Elbow joint
67
Ball and socket synovial joint
Allows movement in all directions Ball within a socket Hip and shoulder joint
68
Gliding synovial joint
Bone surfaces glide over each other (can't rotate) Range of motion is limited Seen in carpus and tarsus
69
Stifle joint
``` Femur Patella Tibia Cruciate ligaments Menisci Patellar ligament Extensor tendon of quadriceps ```
70
Femur in stifle joint
Connects proximally to joint
71
Patella in stifle joint
Cranial to joint | In front of distal femur
72
Tibia in stifle joint
Connects distally to joint
73
Cruciate ligaments in joint
Caudal and cranial Both mid joint Form x across joint
74
Collateral ligaments in stifle joint
One medial One lateral Cross joint femur to tibia/fibia Lateral ligament
75
Menisci
Dorsal to tibia | Helps absorb force within joint
76
Patellar ligaments
Holds patella Goes across patella to tibia cranially Head formed by all 4 heads of quadriceps muscles
77
Extensor tendon of quadriceps
Attached to distal femur | Close to patellar ligament
78
Tendons of stifle joint
Flexible but inelastic cord attaching to muscle of bone | Made up of strong fibrous collagen connective tissue
79
Ligaments of stifle joint
Connect 1 bone to adjacent bone Made of collagen Allows for movement without damage (ex dislocation) Maintain stability of joints
80
Fascia of stifle joint
A thin fibrous sheath enclosing a muscle of an organ | Attaches, stabilizes and enckoses muscles or organs
81
Joint capsule
Encloses a joint. | Restricts movement

Block 3 VMT (5 decks)

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