Nervous System

Question 1

Function of the Nervous System

Answer 1

Monitors and coordinates internal organ function 
Responds to changes in external environment 
Picks up signals in the environment, relays message to brain, runs internal organs and sends signals throughout the body 
Decision making (brain)

Question 2

Two parts of the Nervous System

Answer 2

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 3

CNS

Answer 3

Central nervous system
Sends/receives messages to/from PNS
Regulates functions of the nervous system.

Question 4

PNS

Answer 4

Peripheral Nervous System 
Rest of nervous system excluding spinal cord 
Connects CNS to outside environment 
Sensory organs 
Brings messages to and from CNS

Question 5

3 parts of diencephalon

Answer 5

1) hypothalamus
2) thalamus
3) pituitary gland

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Autonomic processes - thermo regulation, metabolism
Endocrine system (controls pituitary gland)
Sleep and appetite

Question 7

Cerebral hemispheres

Answer 7

Cerebrum
Main part of the brain in vertebrates
Front and top of brain
Learning, memory, sensation, behaviour, voluntary movement

Question 8

Problems with cerebrum

Answer 8

Behaviour changes 
Depressed/lethargy 
Memory loss 
Aphasia- can't understand/express speech 
Anosmia: decrease and loss of smell 
Cognitive dysfunction 
Paralysis

Question 9

Main parts of brain

Answer 9

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem

Question 10

Thalamus

Answer 10

Relay station for sensory info except smell

Question 11

Pituitary gland

Answer 11

Master gland of endocrine system
Controls other endocrine organs
Sends hormones to other organs to regulation production of other hormones (reproduction metabolism growth)
Hunger, thirst, anger, fright , temperature

Question 12

Brain stem

Answer 12

Connects cerebrum to spinal cord 
HR  
Breathing 
BP
Sleeping 
Vital functions 
Cranial nerves originate here

Question 13

Anatomy of spinal cord and vertebral column

Answer 13

Spinal cord in vertebral column for good protection
Bone on top and vertebral body beneath
Nerves leave vertebrae at various levels to control nerves and receive sensations at various sections of the body

Question 14

Intervertebral discs

Answer 14

Shock absorber between the vertebrae
Protect nerves in that area
Made of fibrocartilage (protective covering)

Question 15

Gel inside inter vertebral column

Answer 15

With impact: gel moves and redistributes to smooth out the force and protect the sensitive structures (nerves)

Question 16

Problems with gel inside inter vertebral column

Answer 16

1) gel can burst and herniate throughout vertebral column and press on nerves (pinched nerves)
This causes severe pain and reduces function of nerve gel is pressing on
Can occur with injury and breed disposition

Question 17

How nerves leave spinal cord between vertebral bodies

Answer 17

Leave spinal cord in groups

Exit in holes in vertebrae (intervertebral foramen)

Question 18

Types of nerves leaving intervertebral foremen

Answer 18

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar/Sacral

Question 19

Cervical nerve

Answer 19

8 paired cervical nerves

Neck and upper trunk

Question 20

Thoracic nerves

Answer 20

12 paired thoracic nerves
Thorax
Cranial abdomen

Question 21

Lumbar nerves

Answer 21

5 paired lumbar nerves
Legs and caudal abdomen
Reproductive organs

Question 22

Sacral nerves

Answer 22

5 sacral paired nerves

Paired with lumbar

Question 23

Coccygeal nerve

Answer 23

1

Tail

Question 24

What vertebrae does the spinal cord end at

Answer 24

L7 vertebrae

Question 25

How many cranial nerves | Which ones do you need to know

Answer 25

``` 12 CN1 CN2 CN3 CN5 CN6 CN10 ```

Question 26

CN1

Answer 26

Olfactory | Smell

Question 27

CN2

Answer 27

Optic | Vision

Question 28

CN3

Answer 28

Oculomotor | Eye movements

Question 29

CN5

Answer 29

Trigeminal Sensations of head and face Largest nerve

Question 30

CN6

Answer 30

Auditory Acoustic Hearing

Question 31

CN10

Answer 31

Vagus Sensations and movements of organs Pharynx, larynx, trachea

Question 32

Motor

Answer 32

Nerve that r exults in muscular contraction and movement

Question 33

Sensory

Answer 33

Nerve that conveys sensations and inputs | Nerves can be motor sensory or mixed

Question 34

2 divisions of pns

Answer 34

Autonomic and somatic nervous system

Question 35

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 35

Autonomic Heart rate Digestive Respiratory

Question 36

Autonomic divided into 2 sections

Answer 36

Sympathetic nervous system | Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 37

Sympathetic

Answer 37

``` Stress Suppresses normal body functions (parasympathetic) Increases BP Dilates pupils Increases oxygen Releases adrenaline ```

Question 38

Parasympathetic

Answer 38

Normal physiological bodily functions Digestion Rest and repair Normal body functions

Question 39

Somatic nervous system

Answer 39

Controls skeletal muscles | Mainly under conscious control

Question 40

Cerebral fluid

Answer 40

Clear fluid Circulates in spaces in brain and spinal cord Protection and lubrication Maintains pressure Transports waste products from brain to circulatory via many areas including where nerves leave (inter vertebral foramen)

Question 41

Spinal tap

Answer 41

Lumbar puncture Take small sample of cerebral fluid with needle for examination Try to find neurological problems (inflammation, infection, bleeding) Culture visual cytology Base of skull or lumbar

Question 42

Neuron

Answer 42

Specialized cell of nervous system Transmits signals and info to the rest of the body Relay sensory info Muscular movement

Question 43

Reflex

Answer 43

Involuntary movement in response to stimuli Done without conscious thought Protective response Sneezing to get rid of debris Removing hand from stove before it gets too hot

Question 44

How does a reflex happen

Answer 44

Nerves carry signal to spinal Spinal responds Signal sent to brain after and brain makes decision

Question 45

Radial nerve

Answer 45

Front leg

Question 46

Sciatic nerve

Answer 46

Back leg

Question 47

Brachial plexus

Answer 47

Supply front leg nerve supply | Multiple nerves can be affected

Question 48

Lumbosacral plexus

Answer 48

Supply hind legs after exit spinal cord

Question 49

Cauda equina

Answer 49

Bundle of spinal nerves that extend beyond spinal Lumbar sacral and coccygeal nerves Hind limbs bowel bladder