Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

How many bones are there in the body and how many are in the Axial and Appendicular skeletons

Answer 1

206
80 in the axial (composed of skull, vertebral column and rib cage)
126 in the appendicular (composed of extremities, shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle as well as 32 teeth)

Question 2

What are the longest, biggest and smallest bones in the body

Answer 2

Biggest is the pelvis composed of 6 bones fused together
Smallest is the stirrup deep in the ear (size of a grain of rice)
Longest is the femur

Question 3

What are the five functions of bones

Answer 3

Support 
Protection
Movement 
Storage 
Hematopoiesis

Question 4

How do bones contribute to other systems in the body

Answer 4

Integumentary- support for mm & skin
Muscular-attachments and leverage, calcium ions
Nervous- skull and vertebrae protection. Calcium ions
Endocrine- Calcium for exocytosis of hormones
Cv- red bone marrow production, calcium ions
Lymph/Immune-lymphocytes produced in red bone marrow
Resp- Protection of lungs, respiration
Digestive- Mastication, oesophagus and pelvic protection
Urinary- renal protection, bladder/urethra protection
Reproductive- protection (Females), calcium aids lactation

Question 5

Describe bone composition

Answer 5

Composed of the Diaphysis (shaft) composed of compact bone, yellow bone marrow

Also the epiphysis (ends of the bone)Composed of mostly spongy (cancellous) bone and contains red bone marrow

Question 6

What’s re the three types of bone cells

Answer 6

Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) these break down the matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

Question 7

What are the five different categories that bones can be separated into and what are some examples of each

Answer 7

Long bones (e.g. humerus)
Flat bones (e.g. sternum)
Short bones (e.g. trapezoid, wrist bone)
Irregular bones (e.g. vertebra)
Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)

Question 8

Describe the anatomy of long bones

Answer 8

Typically longer than wide
Have shafts with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone

Question 9

Describe the anatomy of short bones

Answer 9

Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone

Include carpals and Tarsals

Question 10

Complete drawing 1 in notability of the diagram of the Carpals

Answer 10

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Question 11

Label diagram 2 on notability of the tarsals

Answer 11

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Question 12

Describe the anatomy of flat bones

Answer 12

Thin and flattered
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Scapula

Question 13

Describe the anatomy of irregular bones

Answer 13

Irregular in shape
Do not fit into any other classification category

Vertebrae

Pelvis

Question 14

Describe the anatomy of the Desmond bones

Answer 14

Increase leverage and strength of associated muscle

E.g.patella and feet

Question 15

Define the following , Foramen, Fossa and Suture

Answer 15

Foramen - an opening though a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments
Fossa - a relatively shallow trench or depression
Suture -an interlocking life of union between bones

Question 16

Define the following, Condyle, epicondyle and crest

Answer 16

Condyle- A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone e.g. the femur has two which articulate the fibia
Epicondyle - a process situated above a Condyle e.g. the elbow
Crest- A narrow, ridge like projection e.g. iliac crest

Question 17

Define the following, head , process , trochanter

Answer 17

Head- an enlargement of the end of a bone
Process- A prominent projection on a bone e.g. the frontal process of the maxilla
Trochanter- A relatively large process e.g. next to the neck of femur

Question 18

Define the following,tubercle, tuberosity

Answer 18

Tubercle- a small knoblike process e.g. on the humerus

Tuberosity- a knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle e.g. on the ulna

Question 19

What are tendons, ligaments and cartilages

Answer 19

Tendon- flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Ligament- shirt band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint
Cartilage- tough, flexible connective tissue that cushions bones and joints

Question 20

What is meniscus and bursa?

Answer 20

Meniscus -fibrocartilagenous structure that reduces friction between joints
Bursa- fluid filled sac that reduces friction between muscles and bones

Question 21

What are the six types of skeletal joints and give an example of each

Answer 21

Plane joint, wrist(intercarple), ankle(intertarsal) and vertebrae

Hinge joint, elbow, knee, digits

Pivot points, ulna /radial , tibia/fibia

Ellipsoid/ Condyloid joint , wrist joint, base of skull and atlas

Saddle joint, thumb

All and socket join, shoulder, hip

Question 22

What is flexion, extension, hyper extension, abduction and adduction

Answer 22

Flexion- a movement decreasing the angle between articulating bone

Extension- a movement increasing the angle between articulating bones

Hyperextension- A movement to increase the angle between articulating bones to take a body part or limb beyond its normal range.

Abduction- A movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction- A movement towards the midline of the body-also applies to movements inwards and across the body .

Question 23

What is circumduction , rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction and opposition

Answer 23

Circumducton - A comical movement of a limb extending from the joint e.g. shoulder at which the movement is controlled

Rotation - a movement in which something e.g. a bone or a whole limb, pivots or revolves around a single long axis

Elevation- the upward movement of structures in the body

Depression- the downward movement of structures in the body

Protraction- the movement of a part of the body in an anterior direction

Retraction- the movement of a body part in the posterior direction

Opposition- the movement of the thumb to the other digits

Question 24

What is Eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, pronation and supination

Answer 24

Eversion- a movement in which the plantar surface of the foot rotates away from the mid line of the body.

Inversion- a movement in which the plantar surface (sole) of the foot rotates towards the midline of the body

Dorsiflexion- backwards flexion of the hand or foot

Plantarflexion - forwards flex join of the hand or foot

Pronation- rotation of the forearm turning the palm of the hand inwards towards the body

Supination- rotation of the forearm turning the palm of the hand outwards is that is faces away from the body.

Question 25

Label image 3 on notability

Answer 25

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Question 26

Label image 5 in notability

Answer 26

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Question 27

How manny bones make up the spine and how many curvatures are present?

Answer 27

33 irregular shaped bones 4 natural curvatures

Question 28

How many true, false and floating ribs does an adult human have

Answer 28

7 pairs of true ribs | 5 pairs of false ribs, 2 of which are floating

Question 29

What makes up the pectoral girdle

Answer 29

``` (Also known as the shoulder girdle) Clavicles Scapulae Sternum Humerus ```

Question 30

What are the 4 shoulder joints

Answer 30

Glenohumoral Acromioclavicular Sternoclavicular Scapulothoracic (4th)

Question 31

Label the joints on image 6 in notability

Answer 31

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Question 32

Label diagram 7 on notability

Answer 32

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Question 33

What bones make up the upper limb

Answer 33

``` Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges ```

Question 34

Describe the neurovasculature of the elbow

Answer 34

Nerves: Radial nerve Ulnar nerve Median nerve Arteries: Brachial artery Ulnar artery Radial artery Veins: Basilic vein Cephalic vein Median B/C veins

Question 35

What is the acronym for the carples of the wrist and hand

Answer 35

``` Some (scaphoid) Lovers(Lunatun) Try (triquetrum) Positions(pisiform) That (trapezium) They(trapezoid) Cannot (capitate) Handle (Hamate) ```

Question 36

What bones make up the lower limb

Answer 36

``` Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges ```

Question 37

Label image 8 on notability

Answer 37

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Question 38

Label image 9. On notability

Answer 38

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Question 39

How many muscles in the body and which is the longest the shortest the biggest and the strongest

Answer 39

Around 650 (60 in the face! Takes 20 to smile and over 40 to frown) Longest -sartorius Smallest-stapedius (deep in the ear 5mm long and thinner than a cotton thread) Biggest muscle- gluteus Maximus Strongest muscle- masseter

Question 40

How much bite can a human exert on closing

Answer 40

An adult can close its mouth with a force of 55pounds (25kg) on the incisors or 200pounds (90.7kg) on the molars

Question 41

What are the functions of muscles

Answer 41

Movement -responsible for all movement in the body Stability- stabilizes joints Control- sphincters act like valves to control movement of substances Heat production- byproduct of muscle contraction

Question 42

What are the three types of muscle and how do they differ

Answer 42

Skeletal muscle- Attached to bones by tendons Cross joints causing movement on contraction Voluntary Smooth muscle- Found in hollow organ walls, blood vessels, skin, iris Contractions produce movement -peristalsis Involuntary Cardiac muscle- Produces atrial and ventricular contraction This action pumps blood into the blood vessels Involuntary

Question 43

Label image 9 in notability

Answer 43

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Question 44

Hat are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff ?

Answer 44

Subscapularis Supraspinatatus Ifraspinatus Teres minor SSIT

Question 45

What nerve controls the shoulder?

Answer 45

The axillary nerve

Question 46

Name the two muscles and one tendon responsible for moving the fingers

Answer 46

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) Extensor tendons

Question 47

What are the three nerves that supply the hand

Answer 47

The ulnar nerve The median nerve The Radial nerve

Question 48

Label image 10 in notability

Answer 48

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