The Conducting Respiritory System

Question 1

What are the three steps of ventilation?

Answer 1

1. Pulmonary ventilation or breathing (the inspiration and expiration of the air between the atmosphere and the lungs
2. External respiration (the change of gasses between the lungs and the blood)
3. Internal respiration (the change of gasses between the blood and the cells)

Question 2

Define ventilation

Answer 2

The movement of atmospheric air moving into the lungs.

Question 3

Define Respiration

Answer 3

The specific transfer of particular gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Question 4

What does the upper respiratory system contain?

Answer 4

The Nose and Pharynx

Question 5

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

Answer 5

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial tree and Lungs

Question 6

What does the conductive portion of the airway consist of?

And

What is the function of the conductive portion of the airway?

Answer 6

The Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

The function is to filter, warm, moisten and conduct the air from the atmosphere to the lungs.

Question 7

What does the respiratory portion of the airway consist of.

And

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the airway?

Answer 7

The respiratory bronchioles and the lung tissues.

The function is to facilitate gas exchange between the air and the blood.

Question 8

Describe the structure of the external nose

Answer 8

The part of the nose that projects from the face, largely cartilaginous.
Consists of; septal cartilage (the anterior part of the nasal septum)
Lateral nasal cartilages and the Alar cartridges (the wing like structures)
The boney portion is composed of a pair of nasal bones, the frontal process of the maxilla and the nasal process of the frontal bone.
The external nose is covered by skin and lined by a mucus membrane
The external nose has two openings called nares or nostrils.

Question 9

What is the function of the nasal conchae

Answer 9

Divide the nasal cavity into a series of groove-like passages known as the superior, middle and inferior meatuses.
The function is to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during expiration

Question 10

What is the function of the mucus membrane in the nasal cavities

Answer 10

Contains blood capillaries, cilia and goblet cells
The air circulates around the conchae and meatuses, it is warmed by the blood capillaries and moistened by the mucus form the goblet cells as well as trapping particles.
The cilia push mucus and any foreign particles towards the Pharynx, from which they can be swallowed or spat out.

Question 11

Name the 4 paranasal air sinuses

Answer 11

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
Maxillary

Question 12

What can happen in the sinuses when infected

Answer 12

The thickened mucous membrane (due to upper respiratory infection) blocks the openings between the nose and the sinuses, preventing the drainage of mucus
This leads to mucus accumulation in the sinuses causing infection of the sinuses and a resulting headache
Infection of the paranasal sinuses is called sinusitis

Question 13

What three sections can the Pharynx be divided into

Answer 13

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

It is a fibro-muscular tube shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.

Question 14

Describe the anatomy of the nasopharynx

Answer 14

The superior part of the Pharynx
Lies posterior and opens to the nasal cavity
The lateral walls have an opening to the auditory (Eustachian) tube which connects the Pharynx to the middle ear cavity.
It’s posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil

Question 15

Describe the anatomy of the oropharynx

Answer 15

Is the intermediate part of the Pharynx
It lies posterior and opens to the oral cavity
The palatine and lingual tonsils are located in this part of the Pharynx

Question 16

Describe the anatomy of the laryngopharynx

Answer 16

Lower part of the Pharynx

It opens to the larynx anteriorly and to the oesophagus inferiorly

Question 17

What are the functions of the Pharynx?

Answer 17

A passageway for the incoming air and food
Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
Houses the tonsils which are involved in the immunological process against harmful bodies

Question 18

Label image 1 in notability

Answer 18

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Question 19

Label image 4 in notability

Answer 19

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Question 20

Label image 9 in notability

Answer 20

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Question 21

Label image 3 in notability

Answer 21

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Question 22

Label image 5 in notability

Answer 22

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Question 23

Label image 10 in notability

Answer 23

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Question 24

Label image 7 in notability

Answer 24

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Question 25

Label image 2 in notability

Answer 25

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Question 26

Label image 8 in notability

Answer 26

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Question 27

Label image 6 in notability

Answer 27

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Question 28

How many cartilages are contained within the larynx?

Answer 28

Nine which are supported by ligaments, membranes and muscles Three of these cartilages occur in pairs and the other three are unpaired The function of these components is to keep the pathway open during breathing and closed during swallowing

Question 29

Describe the anatomy of the thyroid cartilage

Answer 29

The most prominent cartilage of the larynx | Consists of two flat plates which are fused anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)

Question 30

Describe the anatomy of the cricoid cartilage

Answer 30

Most inferior cartilage of the larynx Shaped like a signet ring and lies below the thyroid cartilage to form the base of the larynx The thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament, The site for a surgical airway management

Question 31

Describe the anatomy of the epiglottis

Answer 31

A leaf shaped cartilage attached to the inner surface of the anterior wall of the thyroid cartilage. Acts as a lid to close the larynx during swallowing, preventing the entry of the food into the lower respiratory tract