musculoskeletal system anatomy

Question 1

2 parts of the skeletal system

Answer 1

-axial skeleton - bones of the head, neck and trunk
-appendicular skeleton - bones of the limbs

Question 2

how many bones do humans have

Answer 2

206 bones

Question 3

axial skeleton derived from which part of mesoderm

Answer 3

somites

Question 4

appendicular skeleton derived from which part of mesoderm

Answer 4

lateral plate

Question 5

2 types of tissue in skeletal system - what is cartilage

Answer 5

more flexible, semi-rigid, poorly supplied with oxygen and nutrients

Question 6

2 types of tissue in skeletal system - what are bones

Answer 6

living tissue, rigid, some elasticity, have blood supply
-support and protection
-stores calcium, other minerals

Question 7

bone is covered by

Answer 7

periosteum (fibrous connective tissue)

Question 8

cartilage is covered by

Answer 8

perichondrium

Question 9

bone covering (periosteum) and cartilage covering (perichondrium) - what do they do

Answer 9

1. produces more bone or cartilage
2. attachment of tendons and ligaments

Question 10

3 layers of bone

Answer 10

1. compact (outer layer)
2. spongy - more central
3. medullary cavity - bone marrow - yellow - fatty, red - blood cell forming

Question 11

bones are …… - they receive blood supply from nutrient arteries and innervated

Answer 11

vascularised

Question 12

bone covering (periosteum) is rich in …… nerves which detect pain, provides compact bone with blood - so you feel pain when breaking a bone

Answer 12

nociceptive nerves

Question 13

majority of bones are … bones

Answer 13

long bones

Question 14

….. bones are protective

Answer 14

flat bones eg. cranium

Question 15

bones of the face are ….

Answer 15

irregular

Question 16

bones that develop within tendons are

Answer 16

sesamoid bones

Question 17

bone development - intramembranous ossification

Answer 17

outline of bone formed by membrane surrounding area of mesoderm, turns into bone tissue

Question 18

bone development - endochondral ossification

Answer 18

more direct way - diaphysis (growing)

Question 19

every bone has a different bone age, development varies depending on

Answer 19

nutritional status/diseases

Question 20

2 types of cells regulate bone formation - osteoblasts

Answer 20

generate bone tissue, deposit calcium

Question 21

2 types of cells regulate bone formation - osteoclasts

Answer 21

degrade bone tissue

Question 22

when bone breaks, what is hematoma

Answer 22

blood vessels are disrupted, RBC and WBC released

Question 23

most common joint

Answer 23

synovial joint - primary joints of movement, reinforced by ligaments
knee joint

Question 24

fibrous joints

Answer 24

connective tissue fibres (roots of teeth)
suture in skull

Question 25

cartilaginous joints

Answer 25

primary and secondary

Question 26

joints have a rich .... supply

Answer 26

nerve

Question 27

where are plane joints

Answer 27

between clavicle and scapula

Question 28

what are hinge joints

Answer 28

rotation in 2 directions eg. elbow

Question 29

where are ball and socket joints

Answer 29

femur at hip

Question 30

skeletal muscle

Answer 30

-striated -tubular -multinucleated -voluntary contraction -attached to skeleton

Question 31

smooth muscle

Answer 31

-non-striated -spindle shaped -uninucleated -involuntary contraction regulated by autonomic NS -covers wall of internal organs

Question 32

cardiac muscle

Answer 32

-striated -branched -uninucleated -involuntary contraction -covers walls of heart only

Question 33

proximal attachment of a muscle =

Answer 33

origin

Question 34

distal attachment of a muscle =

Answer 34

insertion

Question 35

types of contraction - reflexive -

Answer 35

breathing, knee jerk reflex

Question 36

types of contraction - tonic -

Answer 36

constant except during sleep or under anaesthesia

Question 37

types of contraction - phasic (2)

Answer 37

isotonic - muscle changes length isometric - length is same but tonus increased above basic muscle tone

Question 38

isotonic contraction - muscle changes length (2)

Answer 38

concentric - lifting a weight or eccentric - lowering of a weight

Question 39

muscles can grow in response to activity (training) but cannot divide - they are replaced by .......

Answer 39

satellite cells

Question 40

myopathies - inherited

Answer 40

spinal muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophies

Question 41

myopathies - acquired

Answer 41

myasthenia gravis, motor neuron disease, poliomyelitis motor neuron disease

Question 42

what is hypertrophy

Answer 42

muscles can grow in response to activity (eg. training)

Question 43

short bones are ..... in wrist and ankle

Answer 43

cuboidal

Question 44

bone healing - fibroblasts secrete

Answer 44

collagen that forms the collar of a callus

Question 45

hiltons law

Answer 45

nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles that move the joint

Question 46

how many skeletal muscles do humans have

Answer 46

639

Question 47

muscles are attached via .... to bone, cartilage, ligaments, organs

Answer 47

tendons